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Echo > Final Flag Questions > Flashcards

Final Flag Questions Flashcards

1
Q

A vasodilator that exhibits an extremely short half-life and increases blood flow in coronary territories utilized during a Pharmacological Stress Echo is _____________ (similar to adenosine).

A

dipyridamole

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2
Q

What does SBSE stand for?

A

spine bicycle stress echo

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3
Q

_______________= Heart Rate x Systolic BP / 100

A

double products

Pressure Rate Product (PRP), also known as the double product (DB), is used in exercise physiology to measure the stress put on the cardiac muscle based on the number of times the heart needs to beat per minute and the arterial blood pressure that pumps against.

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4
Q

*1979 marked the first use of cross sectional echocardiography with bicycle exercise to describe ______________.

A

reversible segmental pathology

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5
Q

Infusion pump

starting rate is ___ mcg/kg/min

at 3 min increased to ___ mcg/kg/min

at 6 mim increase to ____ mcg/kg/min

at 12 min increase ___ mcg/kg/min

A

5

10

20

40

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6
Q

Exercise stress – ___% of maximum heart rate sustained for 1 minute

A

90

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7
Q

Pharmacologic stress- ___% of maximal heart rate sustained for 1 minute.

A

85

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8
Q

Digital image acquisition – Triggered by _________

A

QRS complex

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9
Q

During DSE, if the THR is not achieved, a sixth dose of up to 50 mcg/kg/min can be administered with _____.

Additional doses of 0.25-0.5 mg of _____ may be repeated 1 minute interval (max 2.0 mg)

A

atropine sulfate 0.5 mg

atropine

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10
Q

WMSI equation

A

WMSI (wall motion score index) = sum of all wall motion scores/number of segments visualized

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11
Q
  • Most common cardiac tumor in infants and children
  • many are diagnosed within a year of life and greater than 90% are diagnosed by the age 15
A

Rhabdomyoma

  • noncancerous (benign) tumor
  • typically grows in myocardium in LV/RV as clusters
  • The most common type of cardiac tumors seen in infants and children
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12
Q
  • a fatty infiltration of the interatrial septum sparring the fossa ovalis (gives dumb-bell shape)
  • most prevalent in elderly and/or obese patients
  • usually asymptomatic and found incidentally *appear echogenic
A

LHIS (lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum

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13
Q
  • most common valvular tumor
  • believed to originate from a small thrombus that attaches and grow into a sense, mobile mass
  • highly mobile and life-threatening
  • 95% found in left heart especially AoV
  • strongly associated with systemic emboli (stroke)

*resemble chordae tendineae

A

papillary fibroelastoma

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14
Q
  • second most common benign tumor in children
  • bulky tumor that is frequently embedded in the myocardial wall of the ventricles or the IVS
  • typically presents during childhood
  • heart transplant may be indicated if children with a vary large mass - causing obstruction and leading to HF
A

fibroma

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15
Q

The heart is removed, the tumor is removed, and the heart is put back into the patient

procedure?

A

autoplanstation

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16
Q

List 4 ways that nonprimary tumors can involve the heart.

A
  1. direct extension
  2. metastatic spread of disease
  3. production of biologically active substances
  4. side-effects related to treatment of the primary tumor
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17
Q

Most common malignant primary cardiac tumor

A

angiosarcomas

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18
Q

Most common secondary malignant tumor

&

frequent original location in order

A

cardiac carcinoma

  1. lung
  2. lymphoma
  3. breast
  4. leukemia
  5. stomach
  6. melanoma
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19
Q

Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults

A

myxoma

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20
Q

Most common primary malignant cardiac tumor in adults

A
  1. angiosarcoma - begins in RA or pericardium
  2. Rhabdomyosarcoma

*Note: A carcinoma forms in the skin or tissue cells that line the body’s internal organs, such as the kidneys and liver. A sarcoma grows in the body’s connective tissue cells, which include fat, blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles, deep skin tissues and cartilage.

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21
Q

List 4 of the most common non primary cardiac tumors.

A
  1. lung carcinoma
  2. lymphoma
  3. breast carcinoma
  4. leukemia
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22
Q

Nonprimary cardiac tumors are______ more common than primary cardiac tumors.

A

20 times

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Nonprimary cardiac tumors most often involve the ________ but also may invade the ________. They rarely appear as intracardiac masses.

A

pericardium

myocardium

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25
Q

Structures that may be mistaken for an Abnormal Cardiac Mass found in

AoV

A

Lambl’s excrescence

nodules of Arantius

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26
Q

The most common primary cardiac tumors in adults, in order of frequency, are:

A

myxoma

pericardial cyst

lipoma

papillary fibroelastoma

angiosarcoma

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27
Q

List 2 extra cardiac pericardial malignant masses.

A

angiosarcoma

Mesothelioma - a cancer caused by asbestos. It most commonly occurs in the linings of the lungs or the abdomen.

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28
Q

What is this?

A

Angiosarcoma (malignant)

are malignant sarcomas of vascular endothelial cell origin. Endothelial cells make up the lining of vessels. Angiosarcomas can occur in any region of the body, although they are most commonly located in the skin, breast, liver, and deep tissue.

may be found in any of the 4 chambers. Large size and rapid/aggressive growth is not unusual.

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29
Q

The second most common primsry malignant tumor

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

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30
Q

Results in cyanosis requiring early intervention to maintain _____and _______.

A

cyanosis

PFO

PDA

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31
Q

Type ?

AV (atrial-ventricular) discordance

&

VA (ventricular-arterial) discordance

Atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance, also known as congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: Levo-TGA/l TGA/Corrected TGA

  • ventricles are transposed (RV in LV position becoming arterial ventricle & LV in RV position becoming venous ventricle)
  • If no other defects present, heart function normally for 15-20 years
  • eventually systemic ventricle (RV in LV position) will fail
A

type 3

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32
Q

Qp/Qs > 1

A

left to right shunt

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33
Q

Qp:Qs ratio

ratio < 1.0 indicates

A

right to left

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34
Q

a rare congenital abnormality characterized by a mirror-image transposition of both the abdominal and the thoracic organs

*normal heart structually

A

situs inversus totalis

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35
Q

The heart is displaced to the right due to a
mass (space occupying lesion) in the left chest

A

dextraposition

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36
Q
  • Location of the heart is in the right side of the thorax, the left ventricle remaining in the normal position on the left, but lying anterior to the right ventricle
  • Most common form of Dextrocardia
  • May be associated with atrial- ventricular discordance and ventricular-arterial discordance
A

dextroversion

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37
Q

a condition in which all four of the pulmonary veins are abnormally connected to the right atrium instead of the left atrium. This allows blood high in oxygen to enter the right side of the heart. Blood high in oxygen flows across an ASD, to the left ventricle, allowing some blood with oxygen to reach the body. Without the ASD, blood high in oxygen would not be able to reach the body.

A

TAPVD (Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage)

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38
Q

In _______, the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest instead of its normal position on the left side.

A

dextrocardia

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39
Q

Most common congenital anomaly involving the ________

A

systemic veins

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40
Q

_________ is uncommon, complex anomaly; critical underdevelopment of the left ventricle due to restriction of the LV inflow/outflow as a result of :

  • mitral valve atresia- inflow reduction; hypoplasia or complete closure (atresia)
  • aortic valve atresia - outflow obstruction, AV hypoplasia/severe stenosis, or coarctation of aorta
  • hypoplasia of aorta - outflow obstruction
  • Small atrial septal defect typically present
A

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)

*point:

  • MV atresia
  • AV atresia
  • hypoplasia of aorta
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41
Q

What is the least common ASD?

A

sinus venosus

also called:

IVC (inferior vena caval)/SVC (superiro vena caval) septal defect

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42
Q

Aortic coarctation typically occur at __________

A

AO isthmus

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43
Q

AV (atrial-ventricular) discordance

&

VA (ventricular-arterial) discordance

AKA: congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries or

A

Levo-TGA

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44
Q

What type of VSD?

  • MOST COMMON TYPE OF VSD IN ADULTS (80%)
  • bordered by TV, AoV, and muscle
  • high on the septal wall and closer to the valves and the great vessels
  • thinner, more flexible
A

perimembraneous/membraneous

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45
Q

Qp:Qs < 1.5

size of shunt?

A

small

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46
Q
  • Aorta is connected to the RV and the Pa is connected to the LV
  • Two parallel circuits exist
  • This condition is incompatible with life unless surgically corrected - relying on ASD/VSD/PDA
A

D-TGA

D-transposition of the great arteries

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47
Q

_____________ is defined as the process in which a long-standing Lt > Rt cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically a VSD, ASD or PDA) causes pulmonary hypertension and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic Rt > Lt shunt.

*at this point, VSD should not be closed

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

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48
Q

The most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease with a prevalence of approximately 8% - 10% of all CHDs.

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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49
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot 4 features:

A

PS

RVH

perimembraneous VSD

overriding Aorta of septum

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50
Q

What type of ASD?

  • rare
  • Defect occurs as a true persistence of the embryonic foramen primum
  • Located between the limbic septum, pars atrioventricularis of the membranous septum and ccoronaray sinus
A

ASD in septum intermedium

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51
Q

atrioventricular canal (septal) defect/AVCD/AVSD has high association with _________.

A

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

*Abnormal development ofendocardial cushionsresulting in aprimum ASD and membranous VSD

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52
Q

Most common congenital anomaly involving the systemic veins

A

SVC systemic venous return

*Most common form is the left SVC drains into the RA via the coronary sinus (Appears as a dilated coronary sinus on PLAX and A4C with inferior angulation)

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53
Q

What type of surgical procedure?

  • Native pulmonary artery is used to replace aortic valve*
  • Indications: Severe aortic stenosis with Hypoplastic aortic annulus*
A

Ross

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54
Q

Most common congenital anomaly of the adult heart affecting approximately 2% of the population

A

BAV

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55
Q

Usually see a difference in blood pressure between arms and legs

What kind of CHD is suspected?

A

coarctation of Ao

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56
Q
  • During 3rd or 4th week of fetal life, aorticopulmonary septal forming, spiraling, and division does not occur
  • Main pulmonary artery, aorta, and coronary arteries arise from one great vessel out of the base of the heart
  • Large malaligned ventricular septum
A

Truncus arterosus

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57
Q

cardiac and chamber development: 7 regions

A
  1. Sinus venosus
  2. Primitive atria
  3. Atrioventricular canal
  4. Primitive ventricle
  5. Bulbus cordis
  6. Truncus arteriosus
  7. Aortic sac and arches
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58
Q

6 aortic arches

A

1st pair – persist as components of the maxillary arteries and external carotid arteries

2nd pair – persist as stapedial arteries

3rd pair - become the common carotid arteries and
proximal segment of the internal carotid arteries.

*4th pair – Right becomes the Prox R Subclavian; Left
becomes the aortic arch segment between the LCA
and L subclavian A

5th pair – rudimentary

*6th pair – Right becomes Prox R PA (distal part
disappears early); L Prox becomes Prox L PA and
persists until birth as the PDA

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59
Q

_______ is a condition in which all four of the pulmonary veins are abnormally connected to the right atrium instead of the left atrium. This allows blood high in oxygen to enter the right side of the heart. Blood high in oxygen flows across an ASD, to the left ventricle, allowing some blood with oxygen to reach the body. Without the ASD, blood high in oxygen would not be able to reach the body.

occurs when absence of the right SVC & absence of hepatic segment of IVC

  • blood flows from the IVC to the azygous vein to the left AVC to LA
  • hepatic veins drains into the LA
  • common atrium
A

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)

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60
Q

Interatrial septum complete by

A

27-37 days/ complete by 5th-6th week post conception

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61
Q

Structures unique to fetal circulation

A

placenta

umbilical vein

ductus venosus

foramen ovali

ductus arteriosus

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62
Q

heart forms by day _____

A

50

63
Q

_______ occurs when interruption of the IVC;

  • Absence of hepatic segment with azygous vein continuation
  • Absence of the abdominal segment with hemiazygous continuation
  • The IVC draining into the LA occur
A

Anomalies of IVC systemic venous return

64
Q

Anomalies of Position Mirror Image Dextrocardia

**Type 2

A

AV - conrodance

VA - discordance

Dextro-TGA/ d-TGA (dextro-loop occurs)

  • rare
  • creates 2 independent parallel circuits
  • patients show cyanosis
  • systemic flow: RA-RV-AO-body-RA
  • venous flow: LA-LV-PA-lungs-LA
  • rely on PDA, PFO, VSD to get oxygenated blood
  • prostaglandin keeps shunt open
65
Q

ASD Doppler Assessment

***From a low parasternal 4ch, apical 4ch, subcostal 4ch view, and subcostal short-axis view, place color-flow map on ____ gate in atrial septum to look for ______ turbulence

A

PW

late systole to early diastole

66
Q

Anomalies of Venous Return:

Most common form is the _____drains into the RA via the _______

A

left SVC

CS

67
Q

HLHS

________ may be performed to create a more pronounced communication between the atria; Multistage surgery is required in order for survival (survival rate still low)

A

atrial septostomy

68
Q

What type of ASD?

  • rare
  • Defect occurs as a true persistence of the embryonic foramen primum
  • Located between the limbic septum, pars atrioventricularis of the membranous septum and ccoronaray sinus
A

ASD in the septum intermedium

69
Q

Aortic Aneurysm

List at least 4 etiologies of aortic aneurysms.

A
  • trauma
  • atherosclerosis
  • Marfan syndrome
  • BAV
  • aortitis
  • mycotic
70
Q

a 67 year old male present to the ER with severe back pain between the shoulder blades that radiates to the abdomen. echo findings include an intimal flap visualization in the parasternal LAX, Sub DAO, and supra LAX. According to the DeBakey system, this is a _______ dissection.

A

Type 1

DeBakey

type1: AAO, Arch, DAO

type 2: AAO

type 3: DAO (thoracis/abdominal)

71
Q

The motor vehicle accident patient is experiencing severe, ripping pain, that travels from his chest to his back, and he shows some signs of stroke; what is most likely the diagnosis?

  1. AO dissection at the aortic isthmus
  2. AO dissection off the DAO
  3. AO dissection with tamponade
  4. AO aneurysm that is on the verge of dissection
A

1

72
Q

A hollow shape to the chest wall is known as _____

  1. pectus carinatum
  2. pectus excavatum
  3. scoliosis
  4. straight back
A

2

pectus excavatum - breast bone sinks into the chest

pectus carinatum - breast bone protrudes outward abnormally

73
Q

Connective tissue disorders associated with aortic aneurysm are:

A

Marfan

Ehlers-Danlos

Loeys-Dietz

74
Q

***A patient with a history of Marfan syndrome and mild aortic root aneurysm present to the ER with severe chest and upper back pain, SOB, and a different BP on each arm. Echo findings include severe dilatation of the ascending aorta along with an intimal flap that continues up into the arch. What complications may arise?

  1. AR
  2. MI
  3. PE
  4. all of the above
A

4

*note: false lumen can obstruct coronary artery ostia leading to MI (WMA)

75
Q

aortic dissection

etiology (3)

A

trauma

HTN

congenital

76
Q

The patient presents with new diastolic murmur, weight loss, CP, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingertips; what is most likely the diagnosis?

  1. LA myxoma with secondary stenosis
  2. LA thrombus with embolization
  3. MV endocarditis
  4. RA myxoma with TV complications
A

1

77
Q

Rhabdomyoma is typically associated with ______

  1. arrhythmia
  2. LVOTO
  3. tuberous sclerosis
  4. all of the above
A

4

78
Q

Papillary fibroelastoma is the most common valvular tumor; in adults, the _____ are usually involved.

  1. AOV, LVOT, and AMVL
  2. AV valves
  3. SL valves
  4. TV, RVOT and PV
A

1

79
Q

According to the ASE 17 segment model, a wall that becomes hypokinetic with stress should receive a score of _____

A

2

*Note:

normal: 1 (hyperkinetic)
hypo: 2
akinetic: 3
dyskinetic: 4
aneurysmal: 5

80
Q

According to the ASE, if less than 50% of the endocardial borders are visualized, contrast agents for endocardial border delineation are recommended.

T or F ?

A

F

*less than 80% not 50%

81
Q

The SE software allows the sonographer to capture diastolic beats off of the EKG.

T or F ?

A

F

systolic, not diastolic

only systolic frame is needed

82
Q

During the SBSE (supine bicycle SE), the images are captured at _______

A

REST, IMPOST, and FINAL

83
Q

During the SE< the 12-lead EKG prep must be exceptional and the electrodes must be placed exactly the same as they would for a resting 12 lead EKG

T or F ?

A

F

*placement of the electrodes are slightly different than a standard 12 lead EKG

84
Q

Acquire the peak DSE images during stage IV, then acquire the final images during stage V

T or F ?

A

F

stage 1-2 - low dose image

stage 5 or sooner - peak image

after infusion stop - final image

85
Q

*List the six (6) steps in performing a pediatric echo using the “segmental approach.”

A

*Segmental Approach

  1. Determine Cardiac Location and situs (abdominal and atrial situs)
  2. Venous Connections
  3. Atrioventricular Connections
  4. Ventricular Segment
  5. Ventricle-Arterial Connections
  6. The Great Vessels

*note:

cardiac orientation (levo-, dextro-, mesocardia)

atrial situs (disposition)

atrioventricular junction

ventricular loop orientation

ventriculoarterial junction

position and relation of the great vessel

86
Q

4.) 35% of patients with Truncus Arteriosus have DiGeorge Syndrome.

True

False

A

T

87
Q

7.) Dextrocardia or dextroversion may be associated with atrial-ventricular ______________________ and ventricular-arterial ________________________.

A

discordance

discordance

88
Q

10.) You suspect that your patient may have an anomaly of IVC systemic venous return. You see: absence of hepatic segment with azygous vein continuation, absence of the abdominal segment with hemiazygous continuation, and the IVC is draining into the LA. What might you suspect?

A

Interruption of the IVC

89
Q

16.) _________________ is the term describing a situation where the location of the heart is in the right side of the thorax, the left ventricle remaining in the normal position on the left, but lying anterior to the right ventricle.

A

Dextroversion

or dextrocardia

90
Q

21.) During cardiac development, the heart has ________aortic arches.

A

6

91
Q

19.) A malformation of endocardial cushion tissue typically results in anomalous ____________.

A

atrioventricular valves

92
Q

23.) Septation consists of the development of the ___1. ___, ___2. ____, and ____3. _____

A
  1. endocardial cushion
  2. Atrioventricular canal
  3. Truncoconal region
93
Q

24.) During cardiac development, the 6th pair of aortic arches becomes the Prox R PA (distal part disappears early) and the L Prox becomes Prox L PA and persists until birth as the __________?

A

ductus arteriosus

94
Q

Describe 4 of the 6 key techniques utilized to diagnose a cardiac mass.

A

location, appearance, size , mobility

95
Q

21.) Eustachian valves and Chiari networks are thin filamentous structures that extend from the region of the ____________________ toward the _____________________________.

A

IVC

SVC

96
Q

23.) Transthoracic echocardiography from the apical window is the optimal approach to detection of LV thrombi, with a sensitivity of 92% to 95% and a specificity of 86% to 88%.

True

False

A

T

97
Q

23.) Smaller microbubbles (1-5 ųm diameter) transverse the pulmonary vasculature, allowing left heart chamber and myocardial opacification.

1 MM = ____________________ ųm

A

1000

98
Q

24.) For normal 2-D imaging the MI is set at 0.9 – 1.4. However, for contrast imaging the MI is at a lower setting between _________ and ________ avoid bursting of bubble for longevity of visualization.

A
  1. 4
  2. 6
99
Q

3.) During pregnancy, the increase in ________________________ levels results in vascular vasodilation and decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance resulting in an increase in blood flow

A

hormone

100
Q

6.) Myocyte ___________ occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development

A

apoptosis (death of cell)

101
Q

16.) ___________________ is a rare form of endocardial fibrosis that is associated with chronic elevation in circulating eosinophils.

A

Loffler’s endocarditis

102
Q

4.) List 4 echo features of Giant Cell arteritis:

A

Aortic aneurysm and dissection

Thickened AoV

LV systolic dysfunction (myocarditis)

Pericardial effusion (pericarditis)

*note:

Giant cell arteritis is an inflammation of the lining of your arteries. Most often, it affects the arteries in your head, especially those in your temples. For this reason, giant cell arteritis is sometimes called temporal arteritis.

103
Q

10.) During Pregnancy, the metabolic demands by both the maternal and fetal circulation results in an______________

A

increase in cardiac output and stroke volume

104
Q

List 3 features of Takayasu arteritis:

A

Aortic dilation

AR

Stenosis and occlusion of large vessels

*autoimmune disease - rare form of vasculitis disease involving inflammation in the walls of the aorta and its main branches

105
Q

List 4 echocardiographic findings that may be present to indicate the presence of Ankylosing Spondylitis.

A

Dilatation of aortic annulus and sinus of Valsalva

AoV thickening and regurgitation

LV systolic dysfunction

MVP

106
Q

Cardiac toxicity by_________________ drugs was recognized early on as a form of heart failure.

A

chemotherapeutic

107
Q

2.) Which is not a complication of a sinus of valsalva aneurysm?

TR

AR

Endocarditis

MR

A

MR

108
Q

An abdominal bruit is a physical finding of an aortic aneurysm

True

False

A

T

109
Q

For a patient with a sinus of valsalva aneurysm, a rupture into the pericardium is almost 100% fatal and unusual.

True
False

A

T

110
Q

List 3 clinical presentations associated with Marfan’s Snydrome.

A

Asymptomatic

Murmur may be present

Palpitations or tachycardia

111
Q

12.) ______________________\_ is a congenital syndrome characterized by a connective tissue disorder.

A

Marfan Syndrome

112
Q

Associated congenital anomalies of a sinus of valsalva aneurysm include:

VSD

ASD

BAV

All are included

A

all

113
Q

19.) The rupture of the right coronary sinus into RV is considered a most common finding in a sinus of valsalva aneurysm.

True

False

A

T

114
Q

20.) List the two major classification schools of thought for identification of aortic dissection.

A

Stanford

DeBakey

115
Q

*A malformation of endocardial cushion tissue typically results in anomalous __________________________________.

A

primum ASD

membraneous VSD

116
Q

When there is a midline liver, stomach, and gallbladder it is termed

A

situs ambiguous

117
Q

_______________ is a term that indicates the normal arrangement of the abdominal and thoracic organs.

A

situs solitus

118
Q

When performing a fetal echo, the interventricular septum and the interatrial septum should be documented in a _____ degree angle from a midsagittal plane, in a normal fetus, dividing the right and left sides of the fetal heart.

A

45

119
Q

______________ is a term describing an abnormally slow fetal heart rate.

A

In the second trimester the normal heart rate ranges between 120 and 160 beats per minute. Transient episodes of bradycardia commonly occur in the second trimester. Fixed bradycardia, below 110 bpm, should be referred for further evaluation for the possibility of heart block

120
Q

During a fetal echo, documentation of the flap of the foramen ovale should be seen in the ____________________.

A

During a fetal echo, documentation of the flap of the foramen ovale should be seen in the left atrium. The flap is very thin and may be best visualized with real time.

121
Q

The patient with congenital heart disease requires_________ to determine atrial situs and venous connections.

The atrioventricular connections, ventricular morphology and position are then determined.

Last, the ventriculoaterial connections are determined.

This approach aids the sonographer in the identification of most forms of congenital heart disease (CHD).

A

a sequential, segmental approach

122
Q

***Cardiac Transplant: Echo Features of Rejection (4)

A
  • increase in LV wall thickness > 4mm
  • >10% decrease in systolic function
  • new or sudden change in P.E
  • increase in RVSP
  • restrictive filling:
    • > 20% decrease in pressure half time from immediate post operative echo,
    • E/e’ > 8
    • 20 % decrease in IVRT
123
Q

What is ICE ?

Function and its use?

A

Intracardiac Echocardiography i.e. AcuNav

Used for:

  • IAS/LAA closure
  • septal myocardial ablation
  • peri-interventional imaging of: Asc/Desc/Thoracic/Ao/MV
  • alternative guiding tool for interventional procedures especially in pediatric patients
  • *Does not require general anesthesia

Function:

high frequency - 20-30 MHz

124
Q

Surgical Techniques used in Cardiac Transplantation

The recipient’s heart is removed and the doctor’s heart is placed in the correct anatomical position

A

orthotopic (biatrial or bicaval)

125
Q

cardiac transplantation

primary indication (3)

A

dilated CM

cardiac amyloid disease

CHD

126
Q

Surgical Techniques used in Cardiac Transplantation

transplantation of the heart from a different species

A

xenotransplantation

127
Q

the donor heart is placed in the right chest alongside the recipient organ and anastomosed in a way to allow blood to pass through either or both hearts.

A

heterotopic

128
Q

A type of therapy used for patients in end stage LV dysfunction

A

CRT (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy)

129
Q

Type of TAVR: self expanding

A

Medtronic Core Value

130
Q

___________is a surgical technique in which short, narrow tubes (trochars) are inserted into the abdomen through small (less than one centimeter) incisions. Through these trochars, long, narrow instruments are inserted. The surgeon uses these instruments to manipulate, cut, and sew tissue

A

Laparoscopic surgery

131
Q

__________is a type of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. It takes a blood vessel from one part of your body and uses it to bypass a blocked coronary artery. Unlike traditional CABG, off-pump surgery doesn’t stop your heart or use a heart-lung bypass machine. Instead, the surgeon stabilizes your beating heart during surgery.

A

Off-pump bypass surgery

132
Q

________________is performed by placing the ultrasound transducer on the epicardial surface of the heart to acquire 2-dimensional and color flow, and spectral Doppler images in multiple planes.

A

epicardial echocardiography

133
Q

right heart cath procedures

A

transseptal procedure

fluoroscopy

acquire LAP via pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

134
Q

Cardiac Transplantation Complications (4)

A

CAD (graft atherosclerosis)

silent MI

rejection

infection

135
Q

Type of TAVR: balloon expandable

A

Edward Sapien &Saien

136
Q

IVUS contraindications:

A

severe HTN

acute MI

GI bleeding

ventricular arrhythmia

allergic reaction to radioactive contrast

137
Q

Mitraclip System is based on the principle of _________

A

edge-to-edge repair

138
Q

Of all the parameters,

__________ is the most used one because it represents the shortening of the subendocardial fibers

which are the first fibers to be affected in most cardiopathies.

A

longitudinal strain

139
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

echo features:

A

Libman-Sacks Endocarditis - nonbacterial thrombotic valve mass

stenosis/regurgitation

MVP

PE

140
Q

Systemic HTN Eventually causes Systemic and Diastolic dysfunction and leads to ________

A

CHF

141
Q

Eosinophil counts ____ for ≥ 6 months or younger than 6 months with evidence of organ damage

A

1500 mm3

142
Q

most common form of amyloidosis

A

AL (amyloid light chain) amyloidosis

143
Q

!!!

A

cardiorenal syndrome

144
Q

Lv diastolic dysfunction is a frequent finding in patients with ___. DD is associated with the development of _____ and increased mortality. ____ is one of the causes of the development of DD.

A

CKD

CHF

myocardial fibrosis

145
Q

__________ has been linked to a poor prognosis, with a 2-year mortality rates up to 60%

A

Anthracycline CM

145
Q

__________ has been linked to a poor prognosis, with a 2-year mortality rates up to 60%

A

Anthracycline CM

146
Q

_________________ is a rare form of endocardial fibrosis that is associated with chronic elevation in circulating eosinophils.

A

Loffler’s endocarditis

147
Q

Chagas CM is caused by _______

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi

148
Q

Vasculitis of unknown origin, pathology defined by the triad of small vessel vasculitis, granulomatous inflammation, and necrosis

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis

149
Q

CTRCD (cancer therapy related cardiac dysfunction) – best exemplified (be a typical example of) with _____ used in the treatment of breast cancer

A

anthracycline

150
Q

Rare adrenal tumor or tumor along the sympathetic chain (usually intra-abdominal)that produces excessive catecholamines.

echo feature?

A

Pheochromocytoma

echo features:

arrhythmia, CM, AO dissection

151
Q

Long-term cocaine use can lead to prolonged transmitral deceleration time and ___________. Ultimately, cocaine abusers may develop a _________ with or without heart failure

A

concentric LVH

dilated CM

152
Q

cause of dysrhythmia

A

MI

autonomic nervous system imbalance

electrolyte imbalance

idiopathic

hypothermia

drug

trauma

damage to CNS

Echo (35 decks)

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