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Echo > 2D Measurements > Flashcards

2D Measurements Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal TAPSE value ?

A

16 mm or greater

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2
Q

what is the normal EF for men ?

A

52 - 72 %

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3
Q

what is the normal EF for women ?

A

54 - 74%

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4
Q

maximum LA volume for men/women ?

A

16- 34 ml

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5
Q

what is normal RV pressure ?

A

systole: 15 - 25 mmHg
diastole: 2- 8 mmHg

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6
Q

what is the normal LV pressure ?

A

systole: 120 mmHg
diastole: 3-12 mmHg

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7
Q

what is the normal pressure for PA ?

A

systole: 15-25 mmHg
diastole: 4-12 mmHg

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8
Q

wall motion terms:

what does hibernation mean ?

A

ischemic segment that is akinetic (no movement), but not infarcted, that can be reversed with restoration of coronary blood flow

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9
Q

what does dyskinetic mean ?

A

movement away from the center of the cavity

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10
Q

SV volume equation ?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

*normal range: 70-100 ml

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11
Q

what is cardiac output (CO) ?

A

volume of blood that LV pumps each minute

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12
Q

CO equation ?

A

CO = SV x HR

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13
Q

what is the normal range of CO ?

A

4-8 L

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14
Q

what is BSA ?

A

body surface area

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15
Q

what is the normal BSA for adults ?

A

1.73 m2

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16
Q

BSA equation ?

A

BSA = (height x weight / 3131) (1/2)

  • unit: inches and lbs
  • US machine automatically calculates BSA
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17
Q

what is cardiac index (CI) ?

A

cardiac output correlated for the BSA

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18
Q

CI equation ?

normal value ?

A

CI = CO/BSA

3-4 L/min2

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19
Q

what is inotropic force ?

A

contractility of the heart muscle or the force of contraction

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20
Q

chronotropic force

A

rate of contraction or heart rate

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21
Q

afterload

A

the resistance that the heart must pump against

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22
Q

preload

A

the volume in the heart at end[-diastole

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23
Q

Amyl nitrite inhalation

A

less common maneuver that causes decreased peripheral resistance, which increases the heart rate, SV, and CO

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24
Q

inspiration/squatting _____ venous return, SV, and CO; expiration/standing _____ venous return, SV, and CO

A

increase

decrease

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25
Q

EF formula ? (Teicholts method)

A

EF% = LVIDV - LVISV/LVIDV x 100

*normal range for 20+ year old: 53-73%

26
Q

LVH severity scale: men

normal value ?
mild value ?
severe value ?

A

6-10 mm
11-13 mm
> and = 17 mm

27
Q

LVH severity scale: women

normal value ?
mild value ?
severe value ?

A

6-9 mm
10-12 mm
> and = 16 mm

28
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

an exaggeration of the normal decrease in systolic blood pressure. to be considered abnormal, the drop must be greater than 10 mmHg . it is associated with cardiac tamponade

29
Q

thrills

A

palpable manifestations of loud, harsh murmurs with low frequency components. thrills are associated with AS and PS as well as VSD

30
Q

cachexia

A

a state of ill health, malnutrition and wasting and is associated with long standing heart disease

31
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

combination of hypertrophy and dilatation of RV caused by PH that results from a process intrinsic to the lung

32
Q

juglar venous distention

A

a term widely used to indicate high pressure in the right heart

33
Q

describe diastolic dysfunction

A

ventricles’ ability to relax and fill

34
Q

3 things things that may impact 3DE by causing artifact

A
  1. respiration
  2. EKG gating
  3. incorrect gain setting
35
Q

Frank-Sterling Law

A

the greater the amount of blood entering the chamber (greater preload), the greater the contraction (force) required to expel the blood

36
Q

what is Interval-Strength Relationship ?

A

the longer the interval between heartbeats, the stronger the contraction to eject the blood

37
Q

what is PAP ?

A

pulmonary artery perssure

38
Q

what are the 3 layers of the myocardium ?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

39
Q

Cartesian coordinate system

A 
x = width
y = height 
z = depth
40
Q

describe 3 factors that may impact cardiac afterload

A
  1. AS/PS
  2. systemic hypertension
  3. PH
41
Q

strain phase _____ venous return, SV, CO and release phase ______ venous return, SV, CO

A

decrease

increase

42
Q

the degree of fiber stretch depends on the quantity of the blood in the chamber prior to contraction. T or F ?

A

T

*LVEDP: LV end diastolic pressure

43
Q

M-mod evaluation:

normally when the MV opens on M-mod the anterior and posterior leaflets move _____ of each other (anterior leaflet ____ & posterior leaflet _____).

A

opposite
upwards
downwards

44
Q

when there is significant MS, the anterior and posterior leaflets move in the ______ direction ______.

A

same

upwards

45
Q

where is Thebesian valve located ?

A

between CS and RA

46
Q

what are thebasian veins ?

A

numerous, minute veins. return blood from the myocardium directly into cardiac chambers w/o entering the cardiac venous system

47
Q

adult TTE TDR have a frequency range of ______

A

2.0 - 3.5 MHz

48
Q

describe steps to improve image resolution for TTE (at least 4)

A
  1. image minimum depth
  2. utilize the highest possible TDR frequency
  3. adjust gains, dynamic range
  4. adjust frame rate
  5. utilize harmonic imaging
49
Q

list wall segments that are seen in the PSAX view ( 6 segments)

A
  1. anteroseptal wall
  2. anterior wall
  3. anterio-lateral wall
  4. infero-lateral wall
  5. inferior wall
  6. infero-septal wall
50
Q

when demonstrating flow across the AoV in the A5, flow moving systematically will appear ____ the base line with CW and _______ with color Doppler

A

below

blue

51
Q

list at least 4 major technical areas that are controls on your u/s system that should be adjusted as you begin your echocardiogram

A
  1. frequency
  2. gain
  3. harmonics
  4. ECG signal
52
Q

your patient has a history of emphysema. what might you encounter as you perform their echocardiogram ?

A

patients with a history of emphysema often demonstrate hyperinflated lungs that may cause difficult parasternal window views. subcostal windows are typically the best window in patients with emphysema

53
Q

list items that are part of info inputted into the u/s system as you begin your echo (at least 4)

A
  1. patient ID
  2. patient full name
  3. DOB
  4. indication of exam
  5. height & weight
  6. BP
54
Q

advantage of M-mod assessment of LV size and function are:

A

high temporal resolution
reproducible
much published data

55
Q

list 4 limitation of M-mod

A
  1. frequently off-axis beam alignment
  2. one dimensional
  3. assume fixed geometry
  4. applies only to normal LV geometry
  5. misleading if LV is remodeling i.e. dilated CM
56
Q

Doppler echo has two primary forms: _____ and ______

A

spectral and color flow

57
Q

________ is a technique used to process signals so that directionally or spatially selected signals can be sent or received from sensor arrays

A

beamforming

58
Q

ultrasound artifacts can occur when the basic assumption inherent in the system design regarding sound waves is not followed. which of the following is not inherent assumption?

A

sound travels in perpendicular lines

59
Q

advantage of M-mode ?

A
  • much published data
  • reproducible
  • high temporal resolution
60
Q

aliasing occurs when the velocity is _____ while using pulsed Doppler

A

> 2m/s

Echo (35 decks)

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