Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Echo > Congenital Heart Defect > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Defect Flashcards

1
Q

*____________ is the term describing a situation where the location of the heart is in the right side of the thorax, the left ventricle remaining in the normal position on the left, but lying anterior to the right ventricle.

A

Dextroversion

*Dextroposition - The heart is displaced to the right due to a mas (space occupying lesion) in the left chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

*L transposition is NOT Cyanotic.

T or F

A

T

Levo-TGA = acyanotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

*What are the 4 key factors of a TET. (Tetralogy of Fallot)

A

VSD

RVOT/Pulmonic obstruction

overriding aorta

RV hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

*D transposition is NOT Cyanotic.

T or F

A

F

Cyanotic

Dextra TGA

  • 2 independent parallel circuits
  • life dependent on PDA, PFOVSD

_ use Prostaglandin to maintain the shunts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

*35% of patients with Truncus Arteriosus have DiGeorge Syndrome.

T or F

A

T

*Truncus Arteriosus associated findingds:

  • Truncal Valve – Truncal valve is usually dysplastic with thickened and deformed leaflets i.e. bicuspid (Cusps usually range from 2-6)
  • Coronary artery anomalies
  • DiGeorge syndrome
  • R. aortic arch
  • interrupted aortic or coarctation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

*List the six (6) steps in performing a pediatric echo using the “segmental approach.”

A

*Segmental Approach

atrial situs (disposition)

venous connections

aatrioventriular connections

ventricular morphology & position

ventricular connection

cardiac orientation (levo-, dextro-, mesocardia)

atrial situs (disposition)

atrioventricular junction

ventricular loop orientation

ventriculoarterial junction

position and relation of the great vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

*TAPVR is the acronym for ___________ ___________ ________ ____________ ______.

A

total anomalous pulmonary venous return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

*Dextrocardia or dextroversion may be associated with atrial-ventricular ____1____ and ventricular-arterial ____2____.

A

discordance

discordance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

*List 4 key components of assessing a VSD with Echo.

A

Type of defect - location/size

AV valve structure (Common AV valve; Cleft mitral valve)

Chamber sizes and function (Increase length of apex to aortic valve forming the “gooseneck” deformity of the outflow tract; evaluate function of ventricles)

Pressure gradients(ASD;VSD;RVandPApressure)

Direction of shunt(s); Color and spectral Doppler (Pressure gradients; Valvular insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

*List echo features of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.

A

reduced aortic annular size

small LV (less than 10mm)

distorted/absent MV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

*You suspect that your patient may have an anomaly of IVC systemic venous return. You see: absence of hepatic segment with azygous vein continuation, absence of the abdominal segment with hemiazygous continuation, and the IVC is draining into the LA. What might you suspect?

A

interruption of IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

*Initially patients with ASDs have left to right shunting due to right ventricular compliance being less that left ventricular compliance. However, prolonged shunting can result in the right to left shunting with elevated right sided pressures and Eisenmenger’s physiology (rare with ASDs).

T or F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

*Abnormal development of endocardial cushions may result in a primum atrial septal defect and/or a membranous ventricular septal defect.

T or F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

*List 3 types of VSDs.

A

Inlet

Outlet

muscular

membranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

*A patient who is diagnosed with situs inversus totalis has a heart that is structurally normal.

T or F

A

T

all the organs are in mirror position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

*List 4 ways that color Doppler may assist you in the assessment of an ASD.

A

detect shunt direction

qualitate the size/location

evaluate mitral, tricuspid, and PV insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

*An ASD may remain symptom free for many years.

T or F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

*The PS -pulmonic stenosis- murmur is _______________.

A

crescendo-decrescendo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

*A malformation of endocardial cushion tissue typically results in anomalous __________________________________.

A

primum ASD & membranous VSD

20
Q

*The normal QP:QS ratio should be 1:1.

T or F

A

T

21
Q

*During cardiac development, the heart has ________________aortic arches.

A

6

22
Q

*Because the lungs are deflated and there is high resistance in the pulmonary vasculature, the ductus arteriosus shunts blood right to left from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This creates a _________1__________-to-_________2________ shunt in utero.

Septation consists of the development of the ____________1____________, _____________2_________________, and ______________3_____________.

A

right to left (?)

septation:

endocardial cushio, arterioventricular canal, truncoconal region

23
Q

*During cardiac development, the 6th pair of aortic arches becomes the Prox R PA (distal part disappears early) and the L Prox becomes Prox L PA and persists until birth as the _________________________?

A

ductus arteriosus

24
Q

Anomalies of Position

The heart is displaced to the right due to a mass (space occupying lesion) in the left chest called:

A

Dextroposition

25
Q

Anomalies of Position

  • Location of the heart is in the right side of the thorax, the left ventricle remaining in the normal position on the left, but lying anterior to the right ventricle called:*
  • *Most common form of Dextrocardia*
  • *May be associated with atrial- ventricular discordance and ventricular-arterial discordance*
A

Dextroversion

26
Q

The_______, which is widely used in the imaging congenital heart disease, consists of a three-step evaluation of the cardiac anatomy.

Step 1, the visceroatrial situs is determined.

step 2, the left- or rightward orientation of the ventricular loop is evaluated, and the positions of the ventricles are identified on the basis of their internal morphologic features.

Step 3, the position of the great vessels is determined first, and any abnormalities are noted.

Next, the relationships between the atria and ventricles and the ventricles and great vessels are determined at two levels:

  • atrioventricular (concordant, discordant, ambiguous, double inlet
  • absence of right or left connection) and ventriculoarterial (concordant, discordant, double outlet).

Last, a search is performed for any associated abnormalities of the cardiac chambers, septa, outflow tract, and great vessels. By executing these steps sequentially during image review, the radiologist can achieve a more accurate interpretation.

A

segmental approach

*Note:

  • Visceroatrial situs refers to the position of the atria in relation to the nearby anatomy (including the stomach, liver, spleen, and bronchi). Three different anatomic configurations may be observed: situs solitus (normal), situs inversus (inverted), or situs ambiguus (ambiguous)
  • Abnormalities in the origin of the great vessels, or conotruncal anomalies, are predominantly of three types: D-transposition (dextrotransposition), L-transposition (levotransposition), and D-malposition with double outlet right ventricle.
    *
27
Q

The patient with congenital heart disease requires_________ to determine atrial situs and venous connections.

The atrioventricular connections, ventricular morphology and position are then determined.

Last, the ventriculoaterial connections are determined.

This approach aids the sonographer in the identification of most forms of congenital heart disease (CHD).

A

a sequential, segmental approach

28
Q

In the normal infant heart, blood from the right atrium travels:

A

through the TV into RV, then continue through the PV crossing into the PA to the lungs

29
Q

When the apex of the heart points to the left chest it is termed

A

levocardia

30
Q

When there is a midline liver, stomach, and gallbladder it is termed

A

situs ambiguous

31
Q

In the normal heart, the right and left innominate veins come together, connecting them to the superior vena cava.

T or F ?

A

T

32
Q

The __________ is a shunt between the main pulmonary artery and the descending aorta.

A

ductus arteriosus

33
Q

This is a drug that can be given to the neonate to allow the ductus arteriosus to remain patent

A

Prostaglandin E

34
Q

A normal fetus has ___________ umbilical arteries and _________ umbilical veins.

A

Two (2) umbilical arteries supply deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta. One (1) umbilical vein delivers oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

35
Q

_______________ is a term that indicates the normal arrangement of the abdominal and thoracic organs.

A

situs solitus

36
Q

The __________________ control the openings through which the atria and ventricles on each side of the heart communicate.

A

AV valves

37
Q

When performing a fetal echo, the interventricular septum and the interatrial septum should be documented in a _____ degree angle from a midsagittal plane, in a normal fetus, dividing the right and left sides of the fetal heart.

A

The interventricular septum and the interatrial septum divide the heart into right and left sides with a line positioned along the IVS angled about 45 degrees from a midsagittal plane.

38
Q

Blood flow in the normal heart utilizes the opening between the atrial chambers, the ______________. Blood passes from the right atrium to the left atrium. Also, the _______________, a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta also allows oxygenated blood to bypass the lungs. The fetal lungs do not have a respiratory function at this time and cannot accept large quantities of blood in fetal live.

A

foramen ovale

ductus arteriosus

39
Q

*Documentation of situs solitus involves a dual image of an axial section of the abdomen and thorax showing the _________________ of the stomach and apex of the heart.

A
40
Q

______________ is a term describing an abnormally slow fetal heart rate.

A

In the second trimester the normal heart rate ranges between 120 and 160 beats per minute. Transient episodes of bradycardia commonly occur in the second trimester. Fixed bradycardia, below 110 bpm, should be referred for further evaluation for the possibility of heart block

41
Q

The fetal heart should occupy _______________ of the thoracic area.

A

In a normal fetus, the fetal heart should occupy approximately a third of the thoracic area.

42
Q

During a fetal echo, documentation of the flap of the foramen ovale should be seen in the ____________________.

A

During a fetal echo, documentation of the flap of the foramen ovale should be seen in the left atrium. The flap is very thin and may be best visualized with real time.

43
Q

In the fetus, the right and left ventricles should be __________________ in size.

A

The ventricular chambers should be similar in size in the fetus

44
Q

Oxygenation of fetal blood occurs in the ___________.

A

In the fetus the placenta provides the method for oxygenating the blood, rather than the lungs which are not yet ready to take over the function.

45
Q

The umbilical vein connects with _____________________.

A

At the entrance of the liver the umbilical vein branches into the ductus venosus, which is the first shunt in fetal circulation.

46
Q

The ductus venosus bypasses the liver and enables oxygenated blood from the mother to pass almost directly into the fetal heart.

T or F ?

A

T

Echo (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions