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sociology 1000 > final exam terms > Flashcards

final exam terms Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the first reason for a schooled society

A

they believed there was a growth in modern schooling in Canada, particularly mass enrolment in post-secondary education

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2
Q

the second reason for a schooled society

A

they believed schooling has become increasingly important to modern life.

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3
Q

the third reason for a schooled society

A

the forms and functions of education are increasing and diversifying in our modern schooled society

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4
Q

Corporatization

A

The process of using business or management techniques to transform institutions and services previously managed by the government.

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5
Q

when does Corporatization occur

A

in universities with the naming of buildings and scholarships after major donors and the signing of exclusive contracts with companies

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6
Q

Credentialing

A

Collins’s term describes an authority, such as a university, issuing a qualification or competence to an individual.

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7
Q

what is credentialling used for

A

This practice is used to exclude some people from certain jobs or opportunities.

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8
Q

Cultural capital

A

The non-economic social assets that promote social
mobility

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9
Q

Curriculum (education)

A

the planned interaction of pupils with instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives.

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10
Q

Different expectations (education)

A

The different values and outlooks that families
have, based on their social class.

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11
Q

Differential association

A

The idea that children from the lower class are
less likely than other children to have role models who have achieved at school or attended university. As a result, these children lack the knowledge
of how to work within the system and are less successful in it.

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12
Q

Differential preparation

A

The various ways that individuals can be
prepared for an aspect of society, depending on their social class.

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13
Q

Gender reversal in educational outcomes

A

The trend, which seems to have stabilized, of more women than men obtaining post-secondary degrees. In the past, men were much more likely than women to attend and graduate from university or college.

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14
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

Marx’s term for lessons that are not normally
considered part of the academic curriculum and that schools unintentionally or secondarily provide

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15
Q

Latent functions

A

The unintended functions of the education system.

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16
Q

Legitimation

A

One of the latent functions of the education system, aimed at legitimating certain kinds of knowledge and divisions in society. This process is consistent with Marx’s conflict theory

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17
Q

Manifest functions

A

The obvious and intended functions of the education
system.

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18
Q

Schooled society

A

The changing role of schools in modern society.

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19
Q

Selection

A

One of the latent functions of the education system; the sorting, differentially rewarding, and certifying graduates of elementary, secondary, and post-secondary schools. According to Weber, schools use this function to confer status and prestige

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20
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A term that explains how students labeled and
streamed as underachieving end up underachieving in terms of academic outcomes

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21
Q

Social capital

A

The collective value of all one’s social network

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22
Q

Socialization (function of education)

A

One of the latent functions of the education system promoted by Durkheim. He argued that education plays a socializing role in society and serves various social needs. Particularly, schools convey basic knowledge and skills that will be useful for members of society. They also provide individuals with specialized training for specific roles, such as an occupation

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23
Q

Streaming (tracking)

A

The practice of placing students with comparable
skills or needs together

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24
Q

Alienation

A

A term developed by Marx referring to the lack of control workers have over the production process and the products they make

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25
Q

Automation

A

When operating equipment is run with minimal or reduced human activity

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26
Q

Bureaucracy

A

The prototype of rationalization in modern society,
bureaucracies are effectively machines made from humans.

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27
Q

Commodification

A

The transformation of what is normally a non-commodity.

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28
Q

Disenchantment of the world

A

A term coined by Max Weber that refers to the way religion’s influence in society was supplanted by the influence of rationality.

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29
Q

Division of labour

A

A term coined by Durkheim that refers to the degree by which labour is specialized according to specific and distinct tasks

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30
Q

Emotional labour

A

A term developed by Arlie Hochschild that refers to the emotional management undertaken by workers on the job

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31
Q

Irrationality of rationality

A

How rationalized systems can
create negative outcomes and be unreasonable.

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32
Q

McDonaldization

A

Ritzer’s term to describe the movement from traditional to rational methods of thought. Where Weber used the model of bureaucracy to represent this change, Ritzer sees the fast-food restaurant as representing this transformation.

33
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

The type of solidarity that involves societies being
held together by similarities among people. Durkheim argued that in early societies, people shared a collective consciousness that created solidarity,
although each unit (such as a family) provided for its
own production and consumption needs and subunits could survive in isolation from one another.

34
Q

Organic solidarity

A

he type of solidarity that occurs when people in a
society are dissimilar and specialized. They depend on one another to provide what they cannot supply for themselves

35
Q

Outsourcing

A

Moving operations to a different, more low-cost country

36
Q

Precarious employment

A

How employers retain full control over the workers’ labor process.

37
Q

Primary sector

A

The economic sector concerned with extracting or
harvesting products from the earth. Agriculture (both subsistence and commercial farming), mining, forestry, and fishing are primary sector activities

38
Q

Rationalization

A

A way of solving problems based on predictability,
calculability, efficiency, and control

39
Q

Scientific management (Taylorism)

A

The application of scientific principles and methods to managing workers.

40
Q

secondary sector

A

The economic sector that manufactures finished goods. Metalwork, automobile production, textile production, and engineering industries are part of this sector.

41
Q

Tertiary (service) sector

A

The economic sector that provides services to the
general population and to businesses. Retail sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment, banking, health care, and law are part of the
tertiary sector

42
Q

Ableism

A

Discrimination against people who have a cognitive or physical disability based on stereotypes about their limitations

43
Q

Chronic disease prevalence

A

A measure of how common chronic diseases
are across groups of people

44
Q

Disability

A

A mental or physical condition that limits a person’s daily activities and restricts what they can do

45
Q

Health care systems

A

The organization of people, resources, and
institutions that provide and deliver health care to a population

46
Q

Health disparities

A

The differences in health status across groups linked to social, economic, or environmental conditions

47
Q

Health policy

A

The decisions and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a healthcare system.

48
Q

Healthy life expectancy

A

A measure of the average number of healthy
years one can expect to live if current patterns of death and illness remain the same

49
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a population at a certain age can expect to live.

50
Q

Mental health

A

State of well-being in which one can realize one’s own
potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to one’s community.

51
Q

Obesity

A

A measure of how overweight an individual is using their body mass index (BMI).

52
Q

People first philosophy

A

An approach that focuses on the individual and
their abilities rather than limitations

53
Q

Sick role

A

A term developed by Talcott Parsons to reflect how people who are ill work to minimize the disruptive impact on others.

54
Q

Social determinants of health

A

The larger social factors that shape our
health.

55
Q

Standards for health care in Canada

A

These standards are universality, accessibility, portability, comprehensive coverage, and public administration, and they are set by the Canada Health Act.

56
Q

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)

A

A UN convention that sets out a list of rights that people with disabilities have and how the state should work to protect these rights.

57
Q

Acceptance

A

According to Gamson, a measure of social movement success in which a movement is considered a valid representative for a legitimate set of interests

58
Q

Biographical availability

A

A main predictor of social movement engagement. Individuals with fewer responsibilities and constraints are more likely to have the time, energy, and inclination to engage in contentious political activity.

59
Q

Boycott

A

The minimally contentious act of withdrawing from commercial or social relations with a country, organization, or person as a form of protest.

60
Q

Collective action problem

A

A theory explaining how people tend to avoid
participating in collective action because they still benefit from whatever is gained whether they contribute or not.

61
Q

Conscience constituencies

A

Other people who might be sympathetic to the
plight of a wronged population.

62
Q

Description bias

A

How activists are concerned with how they and their
actions are depicted.

63
Q

Efficacy

A

The belief that one is capable of the specific behaviours required to produce a desired outcome.

64
Q

Frames

A

Ways of interpreting the world that allow individuals to understand and label occurrences in their daily lives.

65
Q

Free spaces

A

The small-scale settings within a community that are removed from the direct control of dominant groups

66
Q

Identities

A

The names that people give to themselves and others in the course of social interaction. Identity is central to social movement participation as both a cause and outcome of engagement

67
Q

Ideological model media coverage

A

A model that argues that there is a
more concerted effort on the part of the media, political, and corporate elites to control the information in the news.

68
Q

Issue attention cycles

A

The specific times when the public is more apt to
become concerned about a problem and attempt to solve it.

69
Q

New Advantage

A

According to Gamson, a measure of social movement success in which a group gains benefits, such as a new policy or law, during a challenge and its aftermath.

70
Q

Oka Crisis

A

A standoff, occurring in 1990, between the Mohawk First Nations and the Québec police/Canadian army over the contested use of an area of land called the Pines.

71
Q

Organizational models of the media

A

A perspective that explains how the
media act as gatekeepers, choosing events to cover based on how much they seem to be changing.

72
Q

Petition

A

A document signed by many people, requesting an authority (usually a government official or public entity) to do something in regard to a particular cause.

73
Q

Protest

A

An organized and public demonstration against an event, policy, or action.

74
Q

Protest paradigm

A

The specific way that the media tend to cover protest
events.

75
Q

Public goods

A

The idea that one person cannot reasonably prevent another from consuming some good (non-excludable) and that one person’s consumption of the good does not affect another’s (non-rivalrous).

76
Q

Public sociology

A

A term coined by Herbert Gans to refer to the use of the sociological imagination to engage with wider audiences outside traditional academic circles

77
Q

Selection bias

A

Media editors’ choices of a small number of protest events from a much larger pool.

78
Q

Social movement

A

Sustained challenges to existing holders of power in the name of a wronged population

79
Q

WUNC

A

The worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment of a social movement’s members

sociology 1000 (14 decks)

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