chapter three

Question 1

consensus crimes

Answer 1

Illegal and thought of as extremely harmful to society

Question 2

control theory

Answer 2

the idea that two control systems—inner controls and outer controls—work against our tendencies to deviate. Control theory can either be classified as centralized or decentralized.

Question 3

Centralized control

Answer 3

considered bureaucratic control

Question 4

Decentralized control

Answer 4

considered market control

Question 5

crime severity index (CSI)

Answer 5

a summary measure of the volume and severity of police-reported crime in an area—a city, a province or territory, or the country. However, the CSI is not intended to be used in isolation and is not a universal indicator of community safety.

Question 6

Deterrence

Answer 6

often applied to understand how to prevent crime and ensure social order. certain, and severe punishments can reduce the likelihood of people engaging in criminal activities

Question 7

general deterrence

Answer 7

the fear of severe punishment prevents people from committing crimes

Question 8

labelling theory

Answer 8

a theory that proposes that deviance is socially constructed through reaction instead of action. According to this theory, no behavior is inherently deviant on its own but is made deviant based on the reaction of others.

Question 9

learning theory

Answer 9

suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Psychologist Albert Bandura developed social learning theory as an alternative to the earlier work of fellow psychologist B.F. Skinner, known for his influence on behaviorism.

Question 10

lesser crimes

Answer 10

crimes that are not usually seen as extremely serious violations of social norms.

Question 11

normality of crime Durkheim

Answer 11

Durkheim argued that crime is normal in society because there is actually no extra social, or natural, dividing line between criminal activity and other more acceptable activities.

Question 12

parole

Answer 12

a conditional release of a prisoner who has served part of a sentence and who remains under the control of and in the legal custody of a parole authority

Question 13

primary deviance

Answer 13

Primary deviance is the initial stage in defining deviant behavior. Prominent sociologist Edwin Lemert conceptualized primary deviance as engaging in the initial act of deviance

Question 14

probation

Answer 14

a form of punishment for a crime. Probation is designed to punish an offender without the offender having to serve jail time.

Question 15

punishment

Answer 15

the penalty inflicted on someone for commuting a transgression

Question 16

recidivism rates

Answer 16

the rates at which individuals reoffended within two years of release

Question 17

rehabilitation

Answer 17

the process of reintegrating people

Question 18

restoration

Answer 18

a return of something to a former, original, normal, or unimpaired condition

Question 19

restorative justice

Answer 19

requires that the offender must first accept guilt

Question 20

retribution

Answer 20

punishment by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime

Question 21

secondary deviance

Answer 21

deviant behavior that results from being labeled as a deviant by society.

Question 22

social construction

Answer 22

an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society

Question 23

societal protection

Answer 23

the set of policies and programs aimed at preventing or protecting all people. against poverty, vulnerability, and social exclusion throughout their life cycles, with a particular emphasis. towards vulnerable groups.

Question 24

specific deterrence

Answer 24

the use of punishment for criminal activity, intended to discourage a specific individual from committing the crime again. Two factors generally determine the effectiveness of the deterrence: the severity of the punishment and the certainty of punishment.

Question 25

strain theory

Answer 25

society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals, even though they lack the means to do so.

Question 26

Cohens subculture theory

Answer 26

Cohen’s subculture theory states that deviance and delinquency is the result from the creation of subcultures. Subcultures are created when individuals form a group in which they share values different from mainstream societal values.

Question 27

uniform crime reporting (UCR) survey

Answer 27

collects police-reported crime statistics in co-operation with the policing community. it was designed to measure the incidence of crime in Canadian society and its characteristics.

Question 28

victimization surveys

Answer 28

asking a sample of people to identify both reported and unreported crimes that have been committed against them.

Question 29

white-collar crime

Answer 29

a term first coined by sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 who defined it as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status during his occupation.

Question 30

deviance

Answer 30

any minor or serious act that breaks an accepted social standard

Question 31

Severity of public response

Answer 31

the public’s reaction to the act, ranging from minor disapproval to severe jail time.

Question 32

Perceived harmfulness

Answer 32

the amount of harm the perpetrator is thought to have created through the deviant act.

Question 33

Degree of public agreement

Answer 33

the extent to which the public agrees the act is deviant or criminal

Question 34

Minor deviances

Answer 34

They are not criminal and generally not harmful to society

Question 35

crime serves four main functions in human societies

Answer 35

1. It affirms cultural values and norms
2. Society’s response to deviance and crime teach individuals what is right and wrong
3. Responding to deviance and crime unites societies
4. Deviance and crime spur social change

Question 36

Subculture theory

Answer 36

focuses on the role of culture in explaining criminal and deviant behavior in human societies

Question 37

The dividing line

Answer 37

a process of demarcation and labelling, which serves to distinguish the acceptable and the unacceptable conduct.