chapter three Flashcards
consensus crimes
Illegal and thought of as extremely harmful to society
control theory
the idea that two control systems—inner controls and outer controls—work against our tendencies to deviate. Control theory can either be classified as centralized or decentralized.
Centralized control
considered bureaucratic control
Decentralized control
considered market control
crime severity index (CSI)
a summary measure of the volume and severity of police-reported crime in an area—a city, a province or territory, or the country. However, the CSI is not intended to be used in isolation and is not a universal indicator of community safety.
Deterrence
often applied to understand how to prevent crime and ensure social order. certain, and severe punishments can reduce the likelihood of people engaging in criminal activities
general deterrence
the fear of severe punishment prevents people from committing crimes
labelling theory
a theory that proposes that deviance is socially constructed through reaction instead of action. According to this theory, no behavior is inherently deviant on its own but is made deviant based on the reaction of others.
learning theory
suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Psychologist Albert Bandura developed social learning theory as an alternative to the earlier work of fellow psychologist B.F. Skinner, known for his influence on behaviorism.
lesser crimes
crimes that are not usually seen as extremely serious violations of social norms.
normality of crime Durkheim
Durkheim argued that crime is normal in society because there is actually no extra social, or natural, dividing line between criminal activity and other more acceptable activities.
parole
a conditional release of a prisoner who has served part of a sentence and who remains under the control of and in the legal custody of a parole authority
primary deviance
Primary deviance is the initial stage in defining deviant behavior. Prominent sociologist Edwin Lemert conceptualized primary deviance as engaging in the initial act of deviance
probation
a form of punishment for a crime. Probation is designed to punish an offender without the offender having to serve jail time.
punishment
the penalty inflicted on someone for commuting a transgression
recidivism rates
the rates at which individuals reoffended within two years of release
rehabilitation
the process of reintegrating people
restoration
a return of something to a former, original, normal, or unimpaired condition
restorative justice
requires that the offender must first accept guilt
retribution
punishment by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
secondary deviance
deviant behavior that results from being labeled as a deviant by society.
social construction
an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society
societal protection
the set of policies and programs aimed at preventing or protecting all people. against poverty, vulnerability, and social exclusion throughout their life cycles, with a particular emphasis. towards vulnerable groups.
specific deterrence
the use of punishment for criminal activity, intended to discourage a specific individual from committing the crime again. Two factors generally determine the effectiveness of the deterrence: the severity of the punishment and the certainty of punishment.
