chapter eight

Question 1

what did Durkheim believe language represented

Answer 1

a certain articulation of thought

Question 2

Saphir-wolf hypothesis

Answer 2

a relationship among language, thought, and culture inspired by Indigenous

Question 3

media

Answer 3

the technological processes that facilitate communication between a sender and a receiver

Question 4

mass media

Answer 4

sending a message from one source to multiple

Question 5

what is effectiveness tied to and what does it mean?

Answer 5

Effectiveness is tied to exposure: people are highly exposed to the media

Question 6

what’s a key concern in the study of media?

Answer 6

how the media is increasingly owned by a smaller number of people and organizations.

Question 7

what is the increasing density referred to as

Answer 7

corporate concentration of media ownership

Question 8

corporate concentration of media ownership

Answer 8

the media is increasingly owned and controlled by fewer huge media corporations and conglomerates

Question 9

what does media concentration lead to

Answer 9

fewer viewpoints being expressed

Question 10

what did C.Wright Mills argue (power elite)

Answer 10

have interwoven interests and that concentrated media ownership helps to communicate their interests

Question 11

two main types of media diversity

Answer 11

1. idea diversity
2. demographic diversity

Question 12

idea diversity

Answer 12

the range of viewpoints expressed in the media market place

Question 13

demographic diversity

Answer 13

how the media addresses the interest of a diversity of people from a variety of races, ethnicities, genders, sexual orientations, and classes.

Question 14

Noam Chomsky power to reproduce argument

Answer 14

media and the elites wield this power to reproduce the class system and their position within it, hence the inequalities inherent to it.

Question 15

new media

Answer 15

accessible on demand, digital, and is interactive, meaning users may comment. and provide feedback.

Question 16

social media

Answer 16

a new type of media that allows for that creators and online sharing of information in communities and networks.

Question 17

what has spread across the media environment?

Answer 17

widespread change

Question 18

what is social media mainly used for?

Answer 18

interaction and fulfilling important social functions

Question 19

how are people seeking companionship?

Answer 19

social media

Question 20

which expectations are informed by our use of social media?

Answer 20

our expectations and Normas about love, friendship, and identity

Question 21

cyberbullying

Answer 21

involves the use of the internet and related technologies to repeatedly intimidate or harass others

Question 22

digital divide

Answer 22

the inequality in terms of access to and use of information and communication technologies

Question 23

the global digital divide

Answer 23

measures the gas between the digital access and use of technologies across countries

Question 24

what is viewing violence associated with

Answer 24

aggressive behaviour and more tolerant attitude to using violence to solve problems.

Question 25

media literacy (concept)

Answer 25

a concept devoted to individuals regaining control over their media consumption

Question 26

what is media literacy (tool)

Answer 26

an educational tool that helps individuals analyze and evaluate the messaged they receive from the media

Question 27

There are three main stages to media literacy education

Answer 27

1. Become aware of one's own media diet 2. Learn specific skills of critical viewing, which require an analysis of what's there and what's missing 3. To question who is behind the media you are consuming and who is responsible for the messages in the media

Question 28

alternative media

Answer 28

increases the diversity of perspectives available to consumers

Question 29

what is alternative media based on

Answer 29

media that falls outside of the purview of the mainstream media

Question 30

main stream media

Answer 30

Media that is commercial, publicly supported, or government owned

Question 31

first major characteristic of alternative media

Answer 31

the message is not corporately controlled; the message is not motivated by profit, this males alternative media non profit in nature.

Question 32

second major characteristic of alternative media

Answer 32

its content is anti-establishment; messages tend to subvert the messages of the mainstream media, they also tend to be change-orientated, focused on upending the status quo.

Question 33

third major characteristic of alternative media

Answer 33

it is usually distributed in a creative way; focuses on being visually appealing and interesting, distribution depends on the creativity and imagination of the producer.

Question 34

fourth major characteristic of alternative media

Answer 34

there is a fundamentally different relationship b between the producer and the consumer; mainstream media is unidirectional-the receiver only receives the messages, they do not shape it, alternative media is based on a two-way relationship between producer and consumer.