chapter two

Question 1

socialization

Answer 1

the lifelong process by which we learn about society’s norms, customs, and ideologies

Question 2

capitalists Marx theory

Answer 2

• own the means of production and use this power of ownership to purchase the labor power of workers.
• have more power in society, and the struggle over power is a key element of social life, influencing the process of socialization.

Question 3

how are gender relations defined?

Answer 3

by men possessing more social power than women so that everything in society is organized around men, their positions, and their experiences

Question 4

patriarchy

Answer 4

the system of male domination that feminist theorists research in their work and resist with their activism

Question 5

Mead theorized the relationship between socialization and the development of self through four stages of role-taking by children:

Answer 5

1. Children learn language and other symbols by imitating significant others
2. The role-playing stage- children pretend to be other people in their lives
3. The game stage- children learn complex rules to play the games they are learning to play
4. Children think about themselves through the eyes of others

Question 6

Primary socialization

Answer 6

The process by which individuals learn the unwritten rules of a society, like how to have a conversation

Question 7

Secondary socialization

Answer 7

The process by which individuals learn about attitudes and appropriate behaviors of a subculture within a larger society

Question 8

anticipatory socialization

Answer 8

refers to the process by which individuals rehearse potential roles they may take on in the future like medical students interacting with patients

Question 9

resocialization

Answer 9

when individuals are socialized to replace an old role in their lives with a new one. like individuals who retire

Question 10

gender socialization

Answer 10

learning how to behave in a way that is consistent with the gender rules or norms in a society

Question 11

What are agents of socialization

Answer 11

forces in a person’s life that teach them about the world and their place within it.

Question 12

conflict theory

Answer 12

society is characterized by various inequalities and conflicts that arise due to differences in power, resources, and social status. It emphasizes the competition between groups, often framing issues in terms of dominance and subordination.

Question 13

dramaturgical perspective

Answer 13

the idea that people’s day-to-day lives can be understood as resembling performers in action on a theater stage. As we present ourselves in various situations, we are much like actors putting on performances for their audience.

Question 14

looking-glass self

Answer 14

describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them. Using social interaction as a type of “mirror,” people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.

Question 15

roles

Answer 15

the behaviours, beliefs, and norms performed in social situations.

Question 16

significant others

Answer 16

any person or persons with a strong influence on an individual’s self-concept.

Question 17

stages of role taking

Answer 17

The first stage is when children learn through imitation. The second stage is the play stage in which children act out social roles during playtime. The third stage is the game stage in which children become involved in organized games and learn how to relate to others.

Question 18

structural functionalism

Answer 18

a macro theory that looks at how all structures or institutions in society work together.

Question 19

symbolic interactionism

Answer 19

a micro-level theory that focuses on meanings attached to human interaction, both verbal and non-verbal, and to symbols.