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RUSVM Microanatomy I > Final Exam - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Final Exam - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Conductive system
  2. Transitional system
  3. Gas exchange system
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2
Q

These are thin-walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries: the pulmonary capillaries.

A

alveoli

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3
Q

Identify.

A

alveoli

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4
Q

Identify the H&E section pictured here.

A

The respiratory portion of the nasal cavity

lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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5
Q

What structure is indicated by the arrow in this H&E section of the nasal cavity?

A

tubulo-alveolar glands

mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands.

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6
Q

Which region of the nasal cavity is pictured here?

A

The vestibular region.

This is the initial, external part of the nasal cavity with cutaneous mucous membrane, hairs and skin glands. It is lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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7
Q

Goblet cells produce _________ granules.

A

Goblet cells produce mucinogen granules.

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8
Q

Identify the structures indicated by the arrows in this H&E section of the trachea

A

goblet cells

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9
Q

Identify the structures indicated by the arrows in this H&E section of the trachea

A

cilia

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10
Q

Identify the type of epithelium labeled ‘A’ in this H&E section of the nasal cavity

A

respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

Identify the type of epithelium labeled ‘B’ in this H&E section of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory epithelium

Located in the dorsal part of nasal cavity (olfactory region). Olfactory epithelium is much thicker than respiratory epithelium. NO GOBLET CELLS ARE PRESENT

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12
Q

Identify the structures indicated by the arrows in this H&E section of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

A

swell bodies

Swell bodies are venous plexuses found in both olfactory and respiratory regions. Swell bodies are distended with blood.

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13
Q

Identify ‘A’ in this H&E section of the larynx

A

laryngopharynx

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14
Q

Identify ‘B’ in this H&E section of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

What tissue are we looking at in this image?

A

trachea

The trachea is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. In the trachea, the lamina propria and the submucosa are not clearly demarcated. Serous glands are seen in the lamina propria/submucosa.

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16
Q

What are we looking at in this image?

A

trachea

rings of cartilage support the tracheal wall

a connective tissue adventitia completes the wall of the trachea

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17
Q

What type of cell is indicated by arrow A in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

A

goblet cell

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18
Q

What type of cell is indicated by arrow B in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

A

Ciliated cell

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19
Q

What is indicated by arrow C in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

A

L. muscularis mucosae

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20
Q

What is indicated by arrow D in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

A

Serous glands, loose CT vessels

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21
Q

What is indicated by arrow E in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

A

Cartilage

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22
Q

What structure is indicated by arrow ‘A’ in this H&E section of the trachea?

A

goblet cell

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23
Q

What structure is indicated by arrow ‘B’ in this H&E section of the trachea?

A

cilia

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24
Q

What structure is indicated by arrow ‘C’ in this H&E section of the trachea?

A

basal cells

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25
Q

The trachea bifurcates into the ________, which enter the lung and branch extensively.

A

The trachea bifurcates into the bronchi, which enter the lung and branch extensively.

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26
Q

Bronchi are lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Bronchi are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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27
Q

What tissue are we looking at in this section?

A

bronchus

28
Q

What are the structures indicated by the circle in this H&E section of the bronchus?

A

mixed bronchial glands

Smooth muscle surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by connective tissue containing mixed bronchial glands and plates of hyaline cartilage

29
Q

What are the structures indicated by the arrow in this H&E section of the bronchus?

A

plate of hyaline cartilage

Smooth muscle surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by connective tissue containing mixed bronchial glands and plates of hyaline cartilage.

30
Q

What is indicated by ‘A’ in this H&E section of the lung?

A

alveoli

31
Q

What is indicated by ‘B’ in this H&E section of the lung?

A

cartilage

32
Q

What is indicated by ‘C’ in this H&E section of the lung?

A

bronchus

33
Q

What tissue are we looking at?

A

bronchioles

bronchi branch into bronchioles. Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands and are subdivided into terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles.

34
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined by:

A

Terminal bronchioles are lined by ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells

35
Q

Where are clara cells located?

A

Clara cells are located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles

36
Q

What are the cells indicated by the arrows in this H&E section of the lung?

A

clara cells

Clara cells bulge at the surface and are located in terminal & respiratory bronchioles

37
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by:

A

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium (indicated by the arrow), which become flattened distally

38
Q

Identify ‘A’ in this H&E section of the lung

A

respiratory bronchiole

39
Q

Identify ‘B’ in this H&E section of the lung

A

Alveolus

40
Q

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into ____________

A

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into alveolar sacs and alveoli.

41
Q

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with _________________

A

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelial cells.

42
Q

What are we looking at in this image?

A

alveolar ducts

43
Q

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack ____________

A

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack smooth muscle

44
Q

Alveoli are lined by two distinct epithelial cells: ___________ & ___________

A

Pneumocytes type I

&

Pneumocytes type II

45
Q

What is indicated by the arrow in this H&E section of the alveolar ducts?

A

Pulmonary Edema:

Alveolar spaces filled with proteinaceous fluid

46
Q

Pneumocyte Type I cell is also known as _____________.

A

Squamous Alveolar Type I cell

47
Q

Pneumocyte Type I cells compose ___% of alveolar surface area

A

95%

48
Q

What structure is indicated by arrow ‘A’ in this toluidine blue section of the lung?

A

continuous capillary

49
Q

What is indicated by ‘B’ in this toluidine blue section of the lung?

A

alveolus

50
Q

Pneumocyte Type II cells compose ___% of alveolar surface area

A

5%

51
Q

Pneumocyte Type II cells are also known as _______________.

A

Granular Alveolar Type II cells

52
Q

Pneumocyte Type II cells contain ______________, which secrete surfactant

A

lamellar bodies

53
Q

_________ stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition

A

Cortisol

54
Q

Absence of surfactant in newborns is know as ___________________.

A

Hyaline Membrane Disease

55
Q

__________ functions to reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (known as Atelectasis)

A

Surfactant

56
Q

What is indicated by 1?

A

Interalveolar Septum

57
Q

What is indicated by 2?

A

Continuous capillary

58
Q

What is indicated by 3?

A

endothelial cell

59
Q

What is indicated by 4?

A

erythrocytes

60
Q

What is indicated by 5?

A

Pneumocyte Type I

61
Q

What is indicated by 6?

A

Cytoplasm of Type 1 cell

62
Q

What is indicated by 7?

A

Pneumocyte Type II (Granular pneumocyte)

63
Q

What is indicated by 8?

A

Collagenous fibrils

64
Q

What is indicated by 9?

A

elastic fibers

65
Q

The lungs are covered by the visceral pleural composed of connective tissue and lined by:

A

simple squamous epithelium (indicated by the arrow)

66
Q

The pleura is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells also known as ___________.

A

mesothelial cells

67
Q

The largest part of the nasal cavity is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. This combination of cells is known as the ____________, responsible for clearance.

A

Mucociliary apparatus

RUSVM Microanatomy I (18 decks)

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