Final Exam - Respiratory System Flashcards by Chris Bessette

What are the three components of the respiratory system?

Conductive system
Transitional system
Gas exchange system

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These are thin-walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries: the pulmonary capillaries.

alveoli

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Identify.

alveoli

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Identify the H&E section pictured here.

The respiratory portion of the nasal cavity

lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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What structure is indicated by the arrow in this H&E section of the nasal cavity?

tubulo-alveolar glands

mainly serous, with lesser numbers of mucous and mixed glands.

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Which region of the nasal cavity is pictured here?

The vestibular region.

This is the initial, external part of the nasal cavity with cutaneous mucous membrane, hairs and skin glands. It is lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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Goblet cells produce _________ granules.

Goblet cells produce mucinogen granules.

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Identify the structures indicated by the arrows in this H&E section of the trachea

goblet cells

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Identify the structures indicated by the arrows in this H&E section of the trachea

cilia

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Identify the type of epithelium labeled ‘A’ in this H&E section of the nasal cavity

respiratory epithelium

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Identify the type of epithelium labeled ‘B’ in this H&E section of the nasal cavity

olfactory epithelium

Located in the dorsal part of nasal cavity (olfactory region). Olfactory epithelium is much thicker than respiratory epithelium. NO GOBLET CELLS ARE PRESENT

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Identify the structures indicated by the arrows in this H&E section of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

swell bodies

Swell bodies are venous plexuses found in both olfactory and respiratory regions. Swell bodies are distended with blood.

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Identify ‘A’ in this H&E section of the larynx

laryngopharynx

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Identify ‘B’ in this H&E section of the larynx

thyroid cartilage

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What tissue are we looking at in this image?

trachea

The trachea is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. In the trachea, the lamina propria and the submucosa are not clearly demarcated. Serous glands are seen in the lamina propria/submucosa.

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What are we looking at in this image?

trachea

rings of cartilage support the tracheal wall

a connective tissue adventitia completes the wall of the trachea

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What type of cell is indicated by arrow A in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

goblet cell

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What type of cell is indicated by arrow B in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

Ciliated cell

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What is indicated by arrow C in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

L. muscularis mucosae

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What is indicated by arrow D in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

Serous glands, loose CT vessels

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What is indicated by arrow E in this diagram of tracheal mucosa?

Cartilage

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What structure is indicated by arrow ‘A’ in this H&E section of the trachea?

goblet cell

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What structure is indicated by arrow ‘B’ in this H&E section of the trachea?

cilia

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What structure is indicated by arrow ‘C’ in this H&E section of the trachea?

basal cells

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The trachea bifurcates into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which enter the lung and branch extensively.

The trachea bifurcates into the **bronchi**, which enter the lung and branch extensively.

Bronchi are lined by what type of epithelium?

Bronchi are lined by **ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium**

What tissue are we looking at in this section?

**bronchus**

What are the structures indicated by the circle in this H&E section of the bronchus?

**mixed bronchial glands** Smooth muscle surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by connective tissue containing _mixed bronchial glands_ and plates of hyaline cartilage

What are the structures indicated by the arrow in this H&E section of the bronchus?

**plate of hyaline cartilage** Smooth muscle surrounds the lamina propria followed externally by connective tissue containing mixed bronchial glands and _plates of hyaline cartilage._

What is indicated by 'A' in this H&E section of the lung?

**alveoli**

What is indicated by 'B' in this H&E section of the lung?

**cartilage**

What is indicated by 'C' in this H&E section of the lung?

**bronchus**

What tissue are we looking at?

**bronchioles** bronchi branch into _bronchioles**.**_ Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands and are subdivided into terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles.

Terminal bronchioles are lined by:

Terminal bronchioles are lined by **ciliated cuboidal cells _with few to no goblet cells_**

Where are **clara cells** located?

Clara cells are located in **terminal and respiratory bronchioles**

What are the cells indicated by the arrows in this H&E section of the lung?

**clara cells** Clara cells bulge at the surface and are located in terminal & respiratory bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by:

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by **ciliated cuboidal epithelium** (indicated by the arrow), which become flattened distally

Identify 'A' in this H&E section of the lung

**respiratory bronchiole**

Identify 'B' in this H&E section of the lung

Alveolus

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Alveolar ducts are part of the exchange system and they empty into **_alveolar sacs and alveoli_.**

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

The walls of alveolar ducts are composed entirely of alveoli lined with **_simple squamous epithelial cells._**

What are we looking at in this image?

**alveolar ducts**

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Alveolar ducts branch into alveolar sacs which lack **_smooth muscle_**

Alveoli are lined by two distinct epithelial cells: ___________ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Pneumocytes type I** & **Pneumocytes type II**

What is indicated by the arrow in this H&E section of the alveolar ducts?

**Pulmonary Edema:** Alveolar spaces filled with proteinaceous fluid

Pneumocyte Type I cell is also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Squamous Alveolar Type I cell

Pneumocyte Type I cells compose \_\_\_% of alveolar surface area

95%

What structure is indicated by arrow 'A' in this toluidine blue section of the lung?

continuous capillary

What is indicated by 'B' in this toluidine blue section of the lung?

**alveolus**

Pneumocyte Type II cells compose \_\_\_% of alveolar surface area

Pneumocyte Type II cells are also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Granular Alveolar Type II cells

Pneumocyte Type II cells contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which secrete surfactant

**lamellar bodies**

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulates production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition

Cortisol

Absence of surfactant in newborns is know as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

**Hyaline Membrane Disease**

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ functions to reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli, thus preventing alveolar collapse (known as Atelectasis)

**Surfactant**

What is indicated by 1?

Interalveolar Septum

What is indicated by 2?

Continuous capillary

What is indicated by 3?

endothelial cell

What is indicated by 4?

erythrocytes

What is indicated by 5?

Pneumocyte Type I

What is indicated by 6?

Cytoplasm of Type 1 cell

What is indicated by 7?

Pneumocyte Type II (Granular pneumocyte)

What is indicated by 8?

Collagenous fibrils

What is indicated by 9?

elastic fibers

The lungs are covered by the visceral pleural composed of connective tissue and lined by:

simple squamous epithelium (indicated by the arrow)

The pleura is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

**mesothelial cells**

The largest part of the nasal cavity is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. This combination of cells is known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, responsible for clearance.

Mucociliary apparatus