Final Exam - Digestive System (Part III)

Question 1

Salivary glands empty their secretions into the ____________.

Answer 1

Buccal cavity

Question 2

What are the major salivary glands?

Answer 2

parotid, sublingual and submandibular

Question 3

Describe the general structure of the major salivary glands.

Answer 3

lobules containing secretory units, supportive connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves and excretory ducts

Question 4

Identify this tissue:

Answer 4

salivary gland

Question 5

Identify the structure indicated by arrow ‘A’ in this H&E section of the salivary gland.

Answer 5

serous demilunes

Question 6

Identify the structure indicated by arrow ‘B’ in this H&E section of the salivary gland.

Answer 6

mucous acini

Question 7

In salivary glands, ____________ cells surround the secretory units and contract to expel saliva

Answer 7

In salivary glands, myoepithelial cells surround the secretory units and contract to expel saliva

Question 8

Identify the cells indicated by arrow ‘A’ in these sections of the salivary gland (These cells are also indicated by the brown staining in the bottom picture)

What is their function?

Answer 8

Myoepithelial cells surround the secretory units and contract to expel saliva

Question 9

In the salivary gland, terminal secretory units merge to form small ____________ lined by secretory cells

Answer 9

In the salivary gland, terminal secretory units merge to form small intercalated ducts lined by secretory cells

Question 10

In the salivary gland, intercalated ducts drain into larger ducts called ____________ lined by tall columnar cells

Answer 10

In the salivary gland, intercalated ducts drain into larger ducts called striated ducts lined by tall columnar cells

Question 11

Identify ‘A’ in this H&E section of the salivary gland, lined by tall columnar cells

Answer 11

striated ducts

Question 12

What are we looking at here?

Answer 12

submandibular gland

Question 13

The ________ is the largest visceral organ.

Answer 13

The liver is the largest visceral organ.

Question 14

The liver makes up about ___% of body weight in carnivores.

Answer 14

The liver makes up about 3-4% of body weight in carnivores.

Question 15

The liver makes up about ___% of body weight in herbivores

Answer 15

The liver makes up about 1% of body weight in herbivores

Question 16

The liver makes up about ___% of body weight in omnivores.

Answer 16

The liver makes up about 2% of body weight in omnivores.

Question 17

Which type of cell is most prominent in the liver?

Answer 17

hepatocytes

Question 18

____________ are responsible for immune and regenerative response in the liver

Answer 18

Kupffer cells

**Kupffer cells probably will not be seen under H&E

Question 19

____________ produce and maintain the extracellular matrix and store vitamin A

Answer 19

Hepatic stellate cells

Question 20

What is the most prominent cell type in this H&E section of the liver?

Answer 20

hepatocytes

Question 21

Identify the lightly colored spaces indicated by the white arrow in this H&E section of the liver.

Answer 21

sinusoids

Question 22

Identify ‘A’ in this H&E section of the liver.

Answer 22

blood vessel

Question 23

Identify ‘B’ in this H&E section of the liver.

Answer 23

bile duct

Question 24

Identify ‘C’ in this H&E section of the liver.

Answer 24

hepatocyte

Question 25

Identify 'D' in this H&E section of the liver.

Answer 25

**oval cells** Oval cells are multipotent stem cells capable of differentiating into hepatocytes or bile duct epithelium. They are oriented adjacent/within portal triads and hepatic plates

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are considered "stem cells of the liver"

Answer 26

**oval cells**

Question 27

What are the structures of the **portal tract** of the liver?

Answer 27

Bile duct, branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, nerves & lymphatics

Question 28

Identify 'A' in this H&E section of a pig liver.

Answer 28

Portal triad

Question 29

Identify 'B' in this H&E section of a pig liver.

Answer 29

Central vein

Question 30

A _______________ is a six-sided anatomic arrangement of hepatocytes centered on the central vein

Answer 30

The **_classical hepatic lobule_** is a six-sided anatomic arrangement of hepatocytes centered on the central vein

Question 31

What are we looking at in this H&E section of the liver?

Answer 31

**classical hepatic lobule** a six-sided anatomic arrangement of hepatocytes centered on the central vein

Question 32

In the hepatic acinus, ____________ are exposed to the blood with the highest concentration of O2, and are the principal site of gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis, aerobic metabolism, urea cycle, lipid and cholesterol metabolism

Answer 32

In the hepatic acinus, **_Zone I Hepatocytes_** are exposed to the blood with the highest concentration of O2, and are the principal site of gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis, aerobic metabolism, urea cycle, lipid and cholesterol metabolism

Question 33

In the hepatic acinus, ____________ are more susceptible to hypoxic injury as well as injury by toxic substances that are metabolically activated by cytochromes P450

Answer 33

In the hepatic acinus, **_Zone 3 Hepatocytes_** are more susceptible to hypoxic injury as well as injury by toxic substances that are metabolically activated by cytochromes P450

Question 34

Identify the structure labeled 'A' in this H&E section of a hepatic lobule.

Answer 34

**central vein**

Question 35

Identify the structure labeled 'B' in this H&E section of a hepatic lobule.

Answer 35

**hepatocytes**

Question 36

Identify the structure labeled 'C' in this H&E section of a hepatic lobule.

Answer 36

**sinusoid**

Question 37

Identify 'A' in this H&E section of the hepatic lobule.

Answer 37

branch of hepatic artery

Question 38

Identify 'B' in this H&E section of the hepatic lobule.

Answer 38

branch of portal vein

Question 39

Identify 'C' in this H&E section of the hepatic lobule.

Answer 39

bilary duct

Question 40

What is indicated by the arrow in this section of the hepatic lobule?

Answer 40

reticular fibers

Question 41

Identify 'A' in this H&E section of the portal area of the liver.

Answer 41

**branch of portal vein**

Question 42

Identify 'B' in this H&E section of the portal area of the liver.

Answer 42

**branch of hepatic artery**

Question 43

Identify 'C' in this H&E section of the portal area of the liver.

Answer 43

**bile duct**

Question 44

Identify 'D' in this H&E section of the portal area of the liver.

Answer 44

**lymphatic duct**

Question 45

Identify the dense irregular connective tissue indicated by the black arrow in this H&E

Answer 45

**Glisson's capsule** (or hepatic capsule) Composed primarily of Type I Collagen

Question 46

Identify the tissue.

Answer 46

**gallbladder**

Question 47

Identify the tissue.

Answer 47

pancreas

Question 48

Identify 'A' in this section of the pancreas.

Answer 48

Serous acinus (exocrine)

Question 49

Identify 'B' in this section of the pancreas.

Answer 49

Islet of Langerhans (endocrine)

Question 50

Identify 'C' in this section of the pancreas.

Answer 50

**capillary**

Question 51

Paired ____________ are located lateral and below the anus in carnivores (between the inner smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter and the outer skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter)

Answer 51

Paired **_anal sacs_** are located lateral and below the anus in carnivores (between the inner smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter and the outer skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter)

Question 52

Anal sacs are lined by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium

Answer 52

Anal sacs are lined by **_keratinized, stratified squamous_** epithelium

Question 53

What are we looking at here?

Answer 53

Hepatoid gland adenoma