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RUSVM Microanatomy I > Exam III - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam III - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary endocrine organs?

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Pineal Gland
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. parathyroid glands
  5. adrenal glands

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2
Q

What are the secondary endocrine organs?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Testis
  3. Ovaries
  4. Kidneys
  5. Stomach
  6. Intestines
  7. Thymus
  8. Heart
  9. Placenta
  10. Adipose Tissue

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3
Q

Which part of the brain is indicated by the arrow?

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Which two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) & Oxytocin

**These are stored in the neurohypophysis and released at distant sites

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5
Q

Which part of the brain is indicated by the circle?

A

pituitary gland

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6
Q

What are the two major divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

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7
Q

The adenohypophysis arises from the ___________

A

The adenohypophysis arises from the oral ectoderm.

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8
Q

The neurohypophysis arises from the ___________.

A

The neurohypophysis arises from the neuroectoderm.

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9
Q

Identify B in this H&E cross section of a pituitary gland.

A

Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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10
Q

Identify A in this H&E cross section of a pituitary gland.

A

Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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11
Q

Name the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis.

A
  1. Pars distalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars tuberalis
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12
Q

Name the 3 parts of the neurohypophysis.

A
  1. Pars nervosa (P. posterior)
  2. infundibulum
  3. Median eminence
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13
Q

The cells of the Pars Distalis (in the adenohypophysis) require what stimulus from the hypothalamus?

A

The cells of the Pars Distalis (in the adenohypophysis) require a stimulus known as **releasing hormone **from the hypothalamus.

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14
Q

The pars intermedia secretes ________

A

The pars intermedia secretes Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

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15
Q

The Pars tuberalis (wrapped around the indifibulum) secretes:

A

The Pars tuberalis (wrapped around the indifibulum) secretes ACTH (effect is to cause release of cortisol), FSH, and LH

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16
Q

Which cells in the pars distalis are acidophilic?

A

Somatotropes and Mammotropes.

(Thyrotropes & Gonadotropes are basophils)

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17
Q

Somatotropes in the Pars Distalis produce ___________.

A

Somatotropes in the Pars Distalis produce growth hormone

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18
Q

Mammotropes in the Pars Distalis produce ___________.

A

Mammotropes in the Pars Distalis produce prolactin.

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19
Q

Thyrotropes in the Pars Distalis produce ___________.

A

Thyrotropes in the Pars Distalis produce thyrotropin (TSH)

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20
Q

Gonadotropes in the Pars Distalis produce ___________.

A

Gonadotropes in the Pars Distalis produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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21
Q

Which label represents the anterior pituitary in this H&E section of the pituitary gland? Which one represents the posterior pituitary?

A

A - posterior pituitary

B - anterior pituitary

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22
Q

Highly branched glial cells in the neurohypophysis are called _________

A

Highly branched glial cells in the neurohypophysis are called pituicytes.

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23
Q

Identify the structures labeled ‘A’ in this H&E section of the Pars Nervosa.

These structures are the storage site for ____________.

A

Herring bodies. They are the storage site for ADH and Oxytocin

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24
Q

Label the structures indicated by the white arrows in this TEM section of the neurohypophysis

A

neurosecretory granules

25
Q

The primary function of the epiphysis is:

A

The primary function of the epiphysis is to regulate daily rythyms of bodily activity

26
Q

Secretory cells of the epiphysis are called _________

A

Secretory cells of the epiphysis are called pinealocytes.

27
Q

Pinealocytes (secretory cells of the epiphysis) produce which hormone?

A

Pinealocytes produce melatonin.

28
Q

Label the structures A and B in this H&E section of the Pineal Gland

A

A - pinealocytes

B - corpora arenacea (aka Brain Sand)

29
Q

‘C’ or Clear Cells (aka parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland secrete __________.

A

‘C’ or Clear Cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin.

30
Q

What will we find in the area labeled ‘A’ in this H&E section of a thyroid gland?

A

Colloid (thyroglobulin)

31
Q

What is produced by the cell indicated by the arrow in this H&E section of the thyroid gland?

A

It is a C cell (parafollicular cell) and it produces calcitonin.

32
Q

what are the target organs of the parathyroid hormone?

A

bone, small intestines, and kidneys

33
Q

Chief cells in the parathyroid gland secrete __________

A

parathyroid hormone (parathormone)

34
Q

Corticosteroids are produced in the _____________

A

adrenal cortex

35
Q

Catecholamines are produced in the _____________

A

adrenal medulla

36
Q

Name the three zones of the adrenal cortex.

A

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

37
Q

Identify the zone labeled ‘A’ in this section of the adrenal gland. What does this zone secrete?

A

Zona glomerulosa; secretes aldosterone

38
Q

Identify the zone labeled ‘B’ in this section of the adrenal gland. What does this zone secrete?

A

Zona fasciculata; secretes Cortisol

39
Q

Identify the zone labeled ‘C’ in this section of the adrenal gland. What does this zone secrete?

A

Zona reticularis; secretes weak androgens

40
Q

Identify the zone labeled ‘D’ in this section of the adrenal gland. What does this zone secrete?

A

Medulla; secretes epinephrine primarily (but also secretes some norepinephrine)

41
Q

What is the main secretion of the cell circled in green, found in the zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

42
Q

What is the main secretion of the cell circled in green, found in the zona reticularis?

A

Androgen

(note the lipid vacuoles and the vascularity of this endocrine zone)

43
Q

Cushings Syndrome is the overproduction or overexposure to ____________ in the body

A

Cushings Syndrome is the overproduction or overexposure to glucocorticoid in the body

44
Q

Which two hormones are produced in the kidneys?

A

Renin and Erythropoietin

45
Q

True or false: The kidney is a primary endocrine organ

A

False mutha fucka! The kidney is a secondary endocrine organ.

46
Q

Atrial myocardial cells secrete _____________

A

Atrial myocardial cells secrete Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

ANP promotes Na+ and water loss, decreases blood pressure

47
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells secrete ___________

A

Interstitial (Leydig) cells secrete testosterone.

48
Q

Sertoli cells secrete _________

A

Sertoli cells secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) that attaches to testosterone, promotes spermatogenesis, and

inhibin, which exerts a negative feedback on hypothalamic GnRH neurosecretory cells

49
Q

Theca interna cells in the ovary secrete __________

A

Theca interna cells in the ovary secrete androgens

50
Q

Corpus luteum secretes _____________

A

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which maintains pregnancy

51
Q

Granulosa cells in the ovary secrete ___________

A

Granulosa cells in the ovary secrete estrogen.

52
Q

Identify structures A and B in this H&E section of the pineal gland

A

A - pinealocytes

B - corpora arenacea

53
Q

What is the significance of ‘brain sand’ (corpora arenacea)?

A

It allows us to identify where the middle brain is on an MRI, and as the animal gets older more brain sand appears

54
Q

Name the cells labeled ‘A’ in this H&E section of the thyroid gland. What do these cells produce.

A

follicular cells; they produce colloid (thyroglobulin)

55
Q

Label the regions A and B in this adrenal gland.

A

A - medulla

B - cortex

The cortex arises from the mesoderm and produces corticosteroids.

The medulla arises from the neural crest and secretes catecholamines

56
Q

__________ hormone secreted by the __________ controls the ovarian and uterine cycles.

A

GnRH, hypothalamus

57
Q

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

A

Parathormone (Parathyroid Hormone)

58
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

a. Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
b. Regulates metabolism
c. Regulates glandular secretions
d. Produces electrolytes
e. Controls growth and development

A

d. Produces electrolytes

59
Q

This hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone:

A

LH

RUSVM Microanatomy I (18 decks)

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