Final exam: Psychotherapeutics

Question 1

A disorder of psychological functioning that warrants treatment describes a

Answer 1

Mental Disorder

Question 2

What is the difference between Anxiety and Fear

Answer 2

Fear is a negative emotion caused by real or perceived imminent danger or threat while anxiety is worry or distress about potential events or dangers

Fear involves things that are about to happen or currently happening while anxiety involved things that could happen

Question 3

Anxiety Disorder is described as

Answer 3

Anxiety that isn’t adaptive and disrupts everyday life/activities

Question 4

Incessant worry, hopelessness, hypertension, and tachycardia describes symptoms of ______

Answer 4

Anxiety Disorder

Question 5

What are the 5 types of Anxiety and Anxiety-ish Disorders?

Answer 5

1. Phobia
2. Panic Disorder
3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Question 6

What structure of the brain is involved in Anxiety?

Answer 6

The Amygdala

Question 7

Amanda suffers from anxiety, what pharmaceutical treatments may she be prescribed?

Answer 7

Anti-Anxiety Drugs or Anxiolytic Medication

Question 8

What are the 3 most common Anti-Anxiety Medications?

Answer 8

1. Barbiturates
2. Benzodiazepines
3. Z-drugs

Question 9

The first class of Anxiolytic drugs that is FDA approved to treat anxiety?

Answer 9

Barbiturates

Question 10

What was the First Barbiturate?

Answer 10

Barbital

Question 11

How are barbiturates classified?

Answer 11

They are classified by time course.

Some will be Ultra short-acting where effects only last for about 30 minutes
Some will be Short or intermediate
Some will be long-lasting where effects will last about 10 to 12 hours

Question 12

Which class of Barbiturates are most commonly abused?

Answer 12

Those that are Ultra-short actinge

Question 13

Why might someone die from using a Barbiturate?

Answer 13

Accidental Overdose can lead to respiratory depression

If taken with alcohol it can cause suffication

Question 14

If Barney was to suddenly stop taking a Barbiturate what might happen?

Answer 14

Barbiturate abstinence Syndrome in which he will experience anxiety, muscle weakness, stomach pain, and maybe seizures

Question 15

What Anti-Anxiety class of drug is the most precribes class of psychoactive drugs in the US

Answer 15

Benzos or benzodiazepines

Question 16

What are four most common Benzos?

Answer 16

Chlordiazepoxide
Diazepam
Xanax
Klonopin

Question 17

What is the difference between Short and Intermediate/Long lasting Benzos?

Answer 17

Short-acting is usually prescribed for as-needed anxiety and the effects will last for about 12 to 24 hours while long/ inter is used to relieve or prevent Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 18

Susan missed one dose of her benzodiazepine, what is she most likely experiencing?

Answer 18

She may be going through a Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. She will be experiencing depression, anxiety, mania, and suicide ideation. She may also be experiencing convulsions

Question 19

How woudld someone know they have developed a dependence for Benzoss ?

Answer 19

If they miss a dose and they begin to experience withdrawal symptoms like depression, anxiety, mania, convulsions

Question 20

Most widely prescribed sleep aids in the world describes what class of drug?

Answer 20

Z-drugs

Question 21

Z-drugs are

Answer 21

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics

Question 22

Zana is taking a Z-drug and her doctor described the risk to her. What would he tell her the risk are?

Answer 22

Sleep-Related complex behaviors which include sleep-walking, talking, eating, and driving

Essentially performing very complex behaviors while completely asleep

Question 23

How is Major Depressive Disorder diagnosed?

Answer 23

When a person has at least 5 symptoms within a period of two weeks

Symptoms can include: Depressive Mood, Lack of interest, change in body weight, feelings of worthlessness, and difficulty thinking or concentrating

Question 24

Dan has been experiencing a depressed mood every day for the past 2 years. What is he most likely going to be diagnosed with?

Answer 24

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Question 25

Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder can also persist with specifiers:

Answer 25

Anxious distress or psychotic features

Question 26

What brain abnormalities are seen in Depression?

Answer 26

Overactive amygdala Less cells in the hippocampus Reduction in the prefrontal cortex underactivity in the basal ganglia/nucleus accumbens

Question 27

States that depression is caused by insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons, specifically focusing on Norepinephrine and Serotonin

Answer 27

The Monoamine Hypothesis

Question 28

What should all drugs in the Antidepressant category aim to do?

Answer 28

Try to enhance monoamines in the synapse

Question 29

Dan is prescribes an Antidepressant but he doesnt know which one, do you?

Answer 29

Dan was either prescribed an MAO inhibitor, A tricyclic antiD, an SSRI, an SNRI, or an atypical antiD

Question 30

What does SSRI stand for?

Answer 30

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Question 31

What was the first and second SSRIs availabe?

Answer 31

First was Zelmid but was taken off the market because it damaged myelin in Neurons and the second was Prozac

Question 32

What does Prozac do in the synapse

Answer 32

It blocks the reuptake of serotonin, which increases the activation of serotonin receptors

Question 33

Who shoudl absolutely not be given SSRIs?

Answer 33

Children and teenagers due to an increased suicide risk

Question 34

Dan has been prescribed an SSRI what are some risks associated with taking them?

Answer 34

Serotonin Syndrome (High Doses) is marked by agitation, disturbances in cognitive function, and hallucinations Serotonin discontinuation syndrome - Sensory and Sleep disturbances, flulike symptoms, and balance issues Emotional Blunting - Emotional Detachment

Question 35

What are the limitations of Drug treatment?

Answer 35

1. Compliance 2. Length of Response time 3. Treatment Resistance 4. Placebo Effects

Question 36

Dysfunctional fluctuations between depressive and manic mood state characterizes :

Answer 36

Bipolar Disorder

Question 37

Explain type I and type II Bipolar Disorder:

Answer 37

Type I is severe manic with or without depressive episodes while type II is less severe manic with depressive episodes

Question 38

What brain abnormalities might you see in someone with bipolar disorder?

Answer 38

1. Reduced activity in frontal and temporal lobes of right hemisphere = Manic 2. Reduced activity in frontal and temporal lobes of left hemisphere = depressive episodes 3. Excessive activitu on cortical white matter areas

Question 39

Bill is suffering from Biopolar Disorder, what psychotherapies may be available to him?

Answer 39

Mood Stabilizers Anticonvulsive Drugs Atypical antipsychotic drugs

Question 40

A severe, chronic psychotic illness that results in the decline in long-term psychosocial and occupational functioning

Answer 40

Schizophrenia

Question 41

What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Answer 41

- Delusions - Auditory Hallucinations - Catatonia - incoherent speech and thought

Question 42

What are some negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Answer 42

- Lack of emotional expression - Lack of motivation - Lack of experiencing pleasure - Lack of speech

Question 43

The dopamine Hypothesis explains that

Answer 43

Schizophrenia is due to excess dopamine and that antipsychotics should redupe dopamine

Question 44

The glutamate hypothesis explains that

Answer 44

Glutamate transmission is low in patients with schizophrenia

Question 45

Motor disorder characterized by involuntary facial movements ( smacking an d sucking of the lips, rolling of the tongue, and puffing of the cheeks )

Answer 45

Tardive Dyskinesia