Final Exam Patho Tutoring Flashcards
Patho of Pneumothorax:
Air accumulates in the pleural cavity and the lungs start to collapse
Collapsed lung causing the air to leak into the chest cavity
{E2} medical emergency that is treated with a needle decompression
Clinical manifestations {S/S} of tension pneumothorax:
- Mediastinal shift to the RIGHT
-
Tracheal shift
{E2} Diminished breath sounds
{E2} Tachypnea - Chest pain (angina)
- SOB
- Labored breathing
- Depressed hemidiaphragm
Priority nursing intervention for a pt who is status epilepticus:
Protect the airway
S/S of meningitis:
- Neucorigidity
- Photophobia
- Sudden severe H/ A
- Fever
- Changes in LOC
{E2} Changes in LOC is the priority nursing Dx
{E2} POS Brudzinski’s sign (hip flexion from lying position when neck is flexed)
{E2} Droplet precautions
{E2} Would NOT see increased apitite
Typical gate of a pt with Parkinson’s Disease:
- Unsteady
- Shuffling
- Narrow steps
Progression of ALS:
- Muscle loss
- Loss of the ability to:
- swallow
- sit up unassisted
- control bowel or bladder
- to breathe
Pt teaching for client with systemic lupus erythema (SLE):
- Avoid crowds
- Encourage rest periods
- Have the monitor S/S for infection
- Protect the skin (sunscreen and protective clothing)
Patho of Grave’s Disease:
- Overstimulation of thyroid follicle
- Extra TSH due to thyroid-stimulating immunoglobins
- Antibodies start to stimulate the production of thyroxine
S/S of BPH:
- Weak stream (dribbling)
- Frequent urination {polyuria}
- Urgency
- Nocturia {peeing at night}
+ When you find an enlarged prostate there will be profound effects on the urinary system
+ There is urgency because the pt is unable to empty their bladder
PT teaching for prostate cancer:
- Frequent screening for prostate cancer
- DRE (digital rectal exam)
- PSA (these levels will be elevated)
What would you instruct the pt to call the Dr. for / what would be an indication that prostate cancer might be metastisizing?
*notify the Dr. if the pt is having bone pain (metastisizes in the bone)
+ Hematuria
Risk factor for prostate cancer:
- Age
- Family Hx
- Obestity
- Sedentary lifestyle
Is it necessary to remove the entire prostate if the pt has cancer?
NO. depending on the stage and how involved the tumor is, they may be able to retain part of the prostate instead of removing all of it
Define: Auria
No urine produced in over a day
Causes of pre-renal acute kidney injury:
- Heart failure
- Shock (circulation and low blood volume)
- because the cardiovascular system is not functioning properly
S/S of Anterior cord syndrome:
- Motoparalysis {loss of motor function}
- Loss of pain and sensation
- Pain receptors are compromised; so they won’t feel pain
- Temperature discrimination is compromised
- their ability to feel touch / pressure is compromised
- They cant walk
{E2} S/S of autonomic dysreflexia:
Sudden increase in BP with a slow HR
(HTN and bradycardia)
{E2} Causes: noxious stimuli
Caused by spinal cord injury // also called Guillain Barre syndrome
Priority nursing Dx of cholyCYSTITIS:
Circulation
S/S of cholecystitis:
- Stomach pain
- N/ V
- If the pt is vomiting, we are concerned with hypovolemia
Nursing Dx for hypovolemia:
Fluid loss or volume loss
What is the dietary management for a client with cirrhosis and an elevated ammonia level?
- Decreased protein but give lactulose and neomycin
- you don’t want the pt to have too much protein because they won’t be able to metabolize it well
- lactulose helps bring down ammonia levels - Decrease fat intake
- More fiber (leafy green vegetables)
What are the common meds that cause toxic epidermal necrosis?
- Anticovulsants
2. Antibiotics
{E1} Parkland formula: [for burns]
4 mL x 40% burned x 88 kg PT
in the first 8 hours - the answer from above is divided by 2
Pt teaching for chronic kidney disease:
- Diet
- Limit fluid intake
- Modifiable risk factors
- Limit salt substitutes
* tell the pt that if they don’t follow orders that this could escalate to end-stage renal failure {dialysis and losing kidney function}
What are pts with CKD at risk for?
- Edema
- High BP
- If they are losing the ability to make vitamin D, theyre at risk for BONE FRACTURES
- HTN
What is the relationship between serum calcium levels and parathyroid hormone release?
A drop in calcium stimulates parathyroid hormone to release
Dietary management for kidney stones:
- More fluids
- Avoid:
- dairy (because of the calcium)
- chocolate
- foods high in purine and oxalate
Causes of renal struvite kidney stones:
Urine has become more alkaline (bacteria from a UTI)
Symptoms in lung disease requiring intervention:
- Low O2 sat
- If the pt is not ventilating well, they are hypoxic - Heard with a stethoscope: strider {loud pitched breathing / their airway is blocked}
- this requires an immediate response - Dypsnea
Proper technique for pursed lip breathing:
Inhale through the nose and EXHALE through pursed lips; slowly
Expected assessment findings for osteoarthritis:
- Pain
- Stiffness
- Swollen joints
PT teaching for Osteoarthritis:
Increased physical activity (?)
S/S of intussuseption:
Jelly-like stools
Clinical manifestaionsof bowel obstruction:
- N/ V
- Pain
- Inability to pass gas
- Abdominal distension
- Constipation
- Hyperactive sounds before the blockage and absent after
Patho of Type 1 Diabetes:
Inability to make insulin
Secondary result of gestational diabetes:
Previous birth of a large baby (low BG)
Define Hyperplasia:
Increase in the number of cells
Patho of Pathologic calcification:
Injury to the cell or cell death // collection of calcium deposits
{E1} WHO definition of health:
Absence of disease Well being - mental - physical - emotional