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Pathophysiology > Arterial Blood Gas (ABGs) Parameters > Flashcards

Arterial Blood Gas (ABGs) Parameters Flashcards

1
Q

What does the acronym ABG stand for?

A

Arterial Blood Gas

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2
Q

What do ABGs tell us?

A

The acid - base status and arterial oxygenation status

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3
Q

How is the blood obtained?

A

Arterial puncture [from peripheral arteries] and Indwelling catheter [arterial line, central line, or PA line]

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4
Q

What is the most common and preferred artery to draw from?

A

Radial artery

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5
Q

What test must you complete before drawing arterial blood?

A

Alan’s Test

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6
Q

Define arterial puncture:

A

blood is drawn through a needle puncture from a peripheral artery

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7
Q

Why is the radial artery preferred do draw from?

A

It has collateral circulation
its near the surface
easy to palpate
not close to large veins

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8
Q

Other than an Allen’s test, what must you do before conducting an arterial puncture?

A
  1. Communicate with the patient about the purpose of the procedure
  2. Apply pressure for at least 5 min (or how ever long it takes)
  3. Ice and ABG sample unless its going to be analyzed within more than 10 - 15 min.
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9
Q

What DON’T you do before an arterial puncture?

A
  1. Palpate too firmly [inhibits blood flow]
  2. Reposition the needle without first withdrawing the tip to subcutaneous tissue
  3. Leave bubbles in the ABG syringe
  4. Fail to adequately heparinize a sample to prevent clotting
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10
Q

What are the normal values for the anion gap?

A

8-16 (anything above 20 requires a further test to see why its high)

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11
Q

What is going on in the body when there is a high anion gap?

A

Acidosis

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12
Q

High anion gap levels can be due to what?

A

Lactic acidosis
DKA
Poisoning
Kidney failure

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13
Q

What can low anion gap levels mean?

A

Hyponatremia and multiple myeloma

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14
Q

Normal ABG Value for: pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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15
Q

Normal ABG Value for: PaCO2

A

35 - 45 mmHg

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16
Q

Normal ABG Value for: HCO3

A

22 - 26 mEq / L

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17
Q

Normal ABG Value for: PaO2

A

[greater than] > 80 mmHg

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18
Q

Normal ABG Value for: BE / BD

A

+ - 2 mmol / L

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19
Q

Normal ABG Value for: SaO2 [oxygen]

A

[greater than] > 95%

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20
Q

What does a pulse oximeter measure?

A

The percentage of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen

21
Q

Acidosis Value for: pH

A

[less than] < 7.35

22
Q

Acidosis Value for: PaCO2

A

[greater than] > 45 mmHg

23
Q

Acidosis Value for: HCO3

A

[less than] < 22 mEq/ L

24
Q

Acidosis Value for: BD

A

[less than] < -2 mmol /L

25
Q

Alkalosis Value for: pH

A

[greater than] > 7.45

26
Q

Alkalosis Value for: PaCO2

A

{less than] 35 mmHg

27
Q

Alkalosis Value for: HCO3

A

[greater than] > 26 mEq /L

28
Q

Alkalosis Value for: BE

A

[greater than] > +2 mmol / L

29
Q

What is the cause of the abnormality?

A

Respiratory (lungs)
Metabolic (kidneys)
Combination

30
Q

What does the metabolic (kidneys) system compensate for?

A

Primary respiratory acid/base problems

31
Q

Define compensation:

A

The bodys attempt to maintain the pH within normal limits and return the balance of 1:20

32
Q

How long does it take metabolic (kidneys) compensation to return back to normal?

A

24 - 48 hrs

33
Q

What does the respiratory (lungs) system compensate for?

A

Primary metabolic acid/base problems

34
Q

How long does it take respiratory compensation to return back to normal?

A

A few minutes

35
Q

If the pH is normal, it the patient fully compensated?

A

Yes

36
Q

If the pH is NOT normal, the patient is __________.

A

Partially compensated

37
Q

Does the pH always reflect the side of the primary disorder?

A

Yes

38
Q

When nothing lines up what does it mean and how do you reevaluate?

A

Full compensation = nothing lines up

Reevaluate using 7.4 as the normal value

39
Q

List the causes of metabolic ACIDosis:

A
  1. DKA
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Renal failure
  4. Shock
  5. Salicylate overdose
  6. Sepsis
40
Q

List the signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis:

A 
Headache
Decreases BP
Hyperkalemia 
Muscle twitching 
Warm flushed skin
Nausea 
Vomiting
Changes in LOC
41
Q

List the signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis:

A 
Decreased BP w/ vasodilation
Rapid shallow respirations
Headache
Hyperkalemia 
Muscle weakness
Drowsiness
Dizziness
42
Q

List the causes of metabolic alkalosis:

A

Loss of gastric secretions
Overuse of antacids
Potassium wasting diuretics

43
Q

List the causes of respiratory acidosis:

A 
HYPOventilation may be related to:
drug overdose
chest trauma
pulmonary edema
airway obstruction
COPD
neuromuscular disorders
44
Q

List the causes of respiratory alkalosis:

A 
HYPERventilation may be related to:
anxiety
high altitude 
pregnancy 
fever hypoxia 
excessive tidal volume in ventilated patients
initial stage of pulmonary embolus
45
Q

If the CO2 is on the same side as the pH its related to________.

A

Respiratory

46
Q

If the HCO3 is on the same side as the pH its related to _______.

A

Metabolic

47
Q

If SaO2 or PaO2 is below 80 its ____________.

A

Hypoxia

48
Q

What is the effect of hyperventilation on the lungs?

A

Decrease in PaCO2 level - blowing off CO2 too much

49
Q

What could be an increase of carbonic acid?

A

Bradypnea (slow breathing) // you cant get rid of CO2 so it builds up in the lungs - you get ride of carbonic acid by normal breathing

Pathophysiology (28 decks)

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