Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Alterations in Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Alterations in Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of body fluids?

A

transport gases
generate electrical activity needed to power body functions
take part in the transformation of food into energy
maintain overall function of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the normal range of K+ within a cell?

A

3.5-5 .0mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the normal range of Na within a cell?

A

135-145

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the intracellular compartment (ICF) have a high concentration of?

A

K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the extracellular compartment (ECF) have a high concentration of?

A

Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is insensible fluid loss?

A

Water loss that you cant measure // i.e. sweating and exhaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What organ is the main regulator of sodium?

A

The kidney is the main regulator of sodium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when the body is deficient on fluid?

A

It will increase to maintain the cardiac out-put and constrict blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is another term for “disorders of ADH expression”?

A

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the acronym BUN mean?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen = measure of kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the normal levels of Na (sodium)?

A

135-145 are the normal levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the major protein in the body?

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What elements are essential for cardiac function?

A

Na / Mg / Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the names of the fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular compartment (ICF) and Extracellular compartment (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the relative amount of body fluid in the ICF?

A

The ICF is the larger of the two compartments and is composed of 2/3 of the body water in healthy adults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the relative amount of body fluid in the ECF?

A

The ECF contains 1/3 of the remaining body water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the mechanisms of fluid movement between fluid compartments?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of charged or uncharged particles along a concentration gradient (movement from high concentration to low concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane(from the side of the membrane with a low particles and high concentration of water to the side of the membrane with high particles and low concentration of water.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the goal of both diffusion and osmosis?

A

to equal out the balance or Solution concentrations equalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Identify the routes of water intake and output to and from the body:

A

Water intake routes:
water, Na, and oral intake
metabolism of nutrients
Water output routes: kidneys, skin, lungs, GI tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the regulator for water INtake?

A

Thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the regulator for water OUTput?

A

ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do the kidneys regulate sodium?

A

The kidneys monitor arterial pressure. They retain sodium when arterial pressure is decreased and eliminates sodium when arterial pressure is increased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the body react to fluid deficit?

A

Hypovolemia and thirst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a fluid deficit mean?

A

Fluid imbalance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the blood electrolytes?

A

Na // Cl// HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the blood electrolytes do?

A

Regulate nerve/ muscle function

Maintain acid-base balance and H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is part of the brain is ADH released by?

A

Posterior pituitary (synthesized by hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What part of the brain is aldosterone secreted by?

A

Adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A
  1. Regulates Na levels

2. Promotes Na and H2O uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does ADH do?

A
  1. Makes you hold on to water

2. Prevents fluid loss and conserves water. (promotes reabsorption of Na and H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Promote H2O and Na loss by the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a cause of hypoCALcemia ?

A

Abnormal losses of calcium from the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoCALcemia?

A

face tingling/ fatigue/ muscle cramps/ diarrhea / increased neuromuscular excitability

36
Q

What is HYPERmagnesium?

A

Its caused by renal failure and excessive intake of magnesium containing antacids (magnesium containing medications)

37
Q

What is the normal range of potassium?

A

3.5 - 5.0 mL

38
Q

What is HYPERkalemia?

A

Increase in plasma levels of Potassium above 5.0 mEq/L

39
Q

What is HYPOkalemia?

A

Decrease in plasma potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L

40
Q

What are the causes of hyperphosphatemia?

A

excessive intake in phosphate//
kidney failure to excrete excess phosphate//
rapid redistribution of intracellular phosphate to the ECF compartment

41
Q

What is a S/S of hypernatremia?

A

Body swelling (retention)

42
Q

What occurs during dehydration (hypovolemia)?

A

Decreased fluid loss

43
Q

What are the causes of dehydration (hypovolemia)?

A

Diarrhea / vomiting / poly urea ( peeing a lot ) / diabetes insipidus (DI)

44
Q

What are the causes of insensible fluid loss in dehydration (hypovolemia)?

A

Sweating and respiration

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration (hypovolemia)

A

Thirst / tachycardia / low blood pressure / dry mucus membranes (cotton mouth)

46
Q

What are the causes of edema?

A

increased capillary permeability leaky capillaries

47
Q

What are the 2 functions of the kidneys?

A

Filtration and sodium regulation

48
Q

What are the HYPERvolemia signs and symptoms?

A

Respiratory crackles / edema / increased blood pressure / SOB / increased heart rate (bounding pulse) [you can see and hear it due to heart compensation]

49
Q

What is an effect of hyperventilation?

A

Excess CO2 exudation / decrease in PaCO2 // blowing off too much

50
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) cause?

A

A reduction of ECF volume by increasing renal sodium excretion

51
Q

What are the causes of increased carbonic acid in the lungs?

A

“Brachycardia” Slow breathing / CO2 being excreted by respiration

52
Q

What does hypofusion effect?

A

Effects the kidney// increases ADH// reabsorba H2O and NA

53
Q

What does syndromes of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone (SIDAH) effect?

A

ADH Effects and signs - decreased NA / DI excessive thirst and poly urea (I.e: causes body to retain water and sodium levels to fall)

54
Q

How does the body assess that there is a fluid imbalance?

A

Thirst and hypovolemia

55
Q

What are the blood electrolytes?

A

Na, Cl, HCO3, K

56
Q

What do the blood electrolytes do?

A
  1. Regulate nerve and muscle function

2. Help maintain acid-base balance and water balance in the body

57
Q

What are the 3 hormones that have a key role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

A
  1. ADH
  2. Aldosterone
  3. ANP
58
Q

ADH is released from the ____________.

A

Posterior pituitary

59
Q

What does ADH do in the body?

A

Prevent fluid loss and promote the body’s conservation of water (holds and retains water)

60
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from the _________.

A

Adrenal cortex

61
Q

What does aldosterone do in the body?

A

Regulates sodium levels

62
Q

Where is ANP (atrial natueric peptide) produced?

63
Q

What does ANP do in the body?

A

Promotes both fluid and sodium loss by the kidneys and stimulated when the blood volume or pressure is elevated

64
Q

What is HYPOkalcemia?

A

Low calcium levels

65
Q

What are signs and symptoms of HYPOkalcemia?

A

Increased neuromuscular excitability (diarrheas/tingling and numbness in the face/ fatigue/ muscle cramps)

66
Q

Na, K, Cl help regulate ________.

A

Nerve and muscle function

67
Q

What is hypermagnesium?

A

High levels of magnesium

68
Q

When a patient has hypermagnesium, what are the different teaching considerations are you going to make when approaching this patient?

A

Do NOT take antacids because they are high in magnesium

69
Q

What is the normal potassium range?

70
Q

Potassium levels below 3.5 is:

A

HYPOkalemia

71
Q

Potassium levels above 5.0 is:

A

HYPERkalemia

72
Q

Define Hyperphosphatemia:

A

High phosphate levels in the blood

73
Q

List the signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia:

A
  1. Failure of the kidneys
  2. Rapid reabsorption of the intracellular phosphate to the extracellular compartment
  3. Excessive intake of phosphate
74
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Low fluid volumes

75
Q

List the signs and symptoms of dehydration:

A
  1. Dry mucous membrane
  2. Thirst
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Low BP
76
Q

Hypovolemia is also known as:

A

Dehydration

77
Q

Define hypERvolemia:

A

High volume of fluid// fluid excess

78
Q

List the signs and symptoms of hypervolemia:

A
  1. Respiratory crackles
  2. Shortness of breath
  3. Elevated or bounding pulse
  4. Edema
79
Q

List the causes of fluid loss:

A

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Polyuria (excessive urination)
DI (diabetes insipidus)

80
Q

What is the cause of edema?

A

Increased capillary permeability (leaky capillaries)

81
Q

What are the major functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Filtration / sodium regulation
  2. Removes wastes from the body
  3. Balances the bodies fluids
  4. Activate vitamin D
82
Q

What is SIADH:

A

Frequent urination

83
Q

What are the expected lab values of DI?

A

Low Na levels because Na is secreted when we urinate

84
Q

List the symptoms of DI:

A

Polyuria
Excessive thirst
Low Na levels

85
Q

Define Hyperfusion:

A

Low blood levels in the kidneys

86
Q

If you have low blood flow to the kidneys , what happens to ADH levels?

A

ADH will be increased in the body to retain water and sodium. If there is low perfusion, the kidneys will nee to retain water and sodium to promote circulation.

87
Q

If fluid volumes are low ______.

A

Circulation will be poor

Pathophysiology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions