Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death Flashcards

1
Q

Injury or stress to cells is:

A

Adaptation

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2
Q

Increase in cell demand is:

A

Hypertrophy

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3
Q

Decreased stimulation or lack of nutrients in cells is:

A

Atrophy

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4
Q

Chronic irritation in cells is:

A

Metaplasia

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5
Q

List the 4 cellular adaptations:

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Atrophy
  4. Metaplasia
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6
Q

Define Hypertrophy:

A

Increase in the size of the cells result in increased size of the organ (may be physiologic or pathologic)

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7
Q

What are examples of physiologic hypertrophy?

A
  1. Increased workload (ex. cardiac and skeletal muscle)

2. Hormone induced (pregnant uterus)

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8
Q

Define Hyperplasia:

A

Increase in the number of cells results in increase in the size of the organ. (may be physiologic or pathologic)

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9
Q

What are examples or physiologic hyperplasia?

A
  1. Hormonal hyperplasia (female breast and puberty/pregnancy)
  2. Compensatory hyperplasia (unilateral nephrectomy and liver regeneration)
  3. Erythroid hyperplasia of bone marrow (Chronic hypoxia: high altitude stays, chronic lung disease, and cyanotic heart defects)
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10
Q

What are examples of PATHologic hyperplasia?

A
  1. Excessive hormone stimulation (endometrial hyperplasia and prostatic hyperplasia)
  2. Viral infections (papilloma virus [warts])
  3. Side effects of drugs (gingival hyperplasia)
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11
Q

Define atrophy

A

Reduced size of an organ due to a decreased size an number

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12
Q

List examples of atrophy:

A
  1. Physiological atrophy (notochord-differentiates into spine in fetal development)
  2. Post partum uterus
  3. Pathologic atrophy (local or generalized - neuromuscular disorders)
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13
Q

Causes of Atrophy are:

A
  1. Decreased work load (disuse atrophy and stroke)
  2. Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
  3. Diminished blood supply (ischemia)
  4. Inadequate nutrition
  5. Loss of endocrine stimulation (menopause)
  6. Pressure (enlarged benign tumor)
  7. Aging (senile atrophy)
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14
Q

Define metaplasia:

A

Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type// usually responds to stress or chronic irritation

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15
Q

List causes and examples of metaplasia:

A
  1. Tobacco smoke (squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract *most common)
  2. Gastric acid reflux (gastric metaplasia of distal esophagus and Barrett esophagus)
  3. Related skeletal muscle injury with hemorrhage (muscle replaced by bone and myositis ossifications)
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16
Q

Mechanisms of metaplasia are:

A

Reprogramming stem cells that exist in normal tissue
Induced by cytokines, growth factors and other environmental factors
Retinoic acid (vitamin A) may play a role
Exact mechanism is UNK

17
Q

Apoptosis (irreversible cell death) features include:

A

Programmed
Usually affects scattered individual cells
Cells contract
DOES NOT INCLUDE INFLAMMATION
Control of intracellular environment maintained cytoplasm packaged as apoptotic bodies

18
Q

Apoptosis is equated with suicide and eliminate cells that:

A

are worn out
have been produced in excess
have developed improperly
have generic damage

19
Q

Anioxidant effect on reactive oxygen species:

A

Antioxidants inhibit the actions of reactive oxygen species