Final Exam Flashcards
Types of Philosophical knowledge
Aristotle - > deductive
Sherlock - > inductive
Kinesiology values in basketball
Fitness
Knowledge
Skill
Pleasure or fun
How did the knowledge in history of physical activity change throuhout to history (relate to basketball)
- > Participation in physical activity and basketball increased
- > physical activity professions changed/increased
- > scholarly knowlege of physical activity and basketbal increased
How did physical activity “get here” (to Canada)
- > history of PA is a blend of First Nations, UK, France and US influence
What does case study research allow (historically)
Allows for broader historical understanding of…
- > media
- > violence
- > class (Amateur vs Professional)
- > control
- > Sport vs Business
- > Nationalism
What is inclusion in sport?
- > doing sports equally together
- > in its early years, inclusion in sport mostly aimed to avoid any kind of exclusion and fought for quality participation of persons with disabilities
Quality Physical Education
- > emphasizes knowledge and skills for a lifetime of physical activity
- > Is based on national standards that define what students should know and be able to do
Physical literacy
PL is the motivation, confidence, physical competance, knowledge ahd understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life
Different degrees of inclusivity
- > Separate activity
- > Parallel activity
- > disability sport activity
- > open (inclusive) activity
- > Modified activity
Prohibited substances in competition
- > stimulants
- > narcotics
- > cannabinoids
- > glucocorticosteroids
- > alcohol (in certain sports)
- > beta-blockers (in certain sports)
Prohibited substances in and out of competition
- > anabolic agents
- > peptide hormones, growth factors
- > beta-2-agonists
- > hormone and metabolic modulators
- > diuretic
Prohibited methods in and out of competition
- > manipulation of blood
- > chemical and physical manipulation
- > gene doping
Criteria the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code for
- potential to enhance performance
- risk for the athletes health
- violation of the spirit of the sport
Key themes of sociology of Physical activity
- > Power
- > paticipation patterns
- > leadership roles
- > gender
- > sexuality
- > Cultural differences
- > ethnic and racial relations
- > politics
- > mass media
Top 3 sports and activities in Canada among youth 3-17
- Swimming
- Soccer
- Dance
how do individuals value Physical Activity
It changes based of certain factors/conditions of the individual
Participant < - > Spectator
Local < - > Global
Elite < - > Mass
They all value physical activity in different ways (based on the combo)
Classifications of the Somatic nervous system
Somatic nervous system (part of peripheral along with autonomic NS)
Sensory (afferent) NS - > controls sensory input
Motor (efferent) NS - > controls motor output
What information do we need to receive and process before we initiate movement
prior to movement, info must be processed related to our environment…
- We need to know the body position in space (processed in parietal lobe)
Exteroception - > where items are in environment
Exproprioception - > where our body is relative to environment
Proprioception - > where our body parts are and how they are configured
- We need to know the goal and appropriate strategy to attain that goal
- We need to draw on memories of past events to determine strategies (processed in temporal lobe)
How is movement initiated (internal structures of brain)
- > once the info has been gathered about position, goals and emories of past strategies; the info is submitted to the basal ganglia for processing
- > once info in processed, it is returned to the motor cortex via the thalamus
- > the cerebellum receives info about intended movement form sensory and motor cortex
- > cerebellum returns info back to motor cortex regarding required force, velocity, ect. based on sensory information
Lobes of the brain and their general function and function in movement initiation
Parietal lobe - > 1st process sensory info; making sense of the world, perception
Sensory cortex - > sensations
Frontal lobe - > (2nd) formulates goal and strategy; executive functions, personality, behaviour control
Motor cortex - > movement
Temporal lobe - > (3rd) draws on memories of past strategy; memory, understanding language
Occipital lobe - > vision
Step by step movement initiation
- Planning of movement
- > prefrontal cortex (begins planning movement)
- > frontal cortex (receives and process info from parietal lobe regarding spacial perception)
- > basal ganglia (information process about goals, memories of past activities) - Command is sent
- > premotor area, supplementary area & cerebellum (planning of precise sequence of muscle contractions for required movement) - Program is sent
- > primary motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord (activates specific muscles via motor neurons) - Sensory feedback is received
- > cerebellum (constantly refining movement)
How does our body determine the level of force, speed, and the position of our body to refine a movement
we use sensors that report the following info to the CNS
- > postion
- > posture
- > equilibrium
- > internal conditions
Types of motor system impairment at different levels
Basal Ganglia impairment
Parkinson’s disease - > difficulty initiating movements
Cerebellum Impairment
cerebellar ataxia - > difficulty controlling the force, velocity and target of movement
Vestibular sensory impairment
vertigo - > difficulty maintain posture and balance
Most common basketball related injuries
injuries related to the knee and the foot/ankle
- > of the knee injuries, ACL injuries were the most common and they are more common in females
- > of the feet/ankle injuries, were overwhelmingly ankle sprains
How do ACL injuries occur; during what type of activity do most ACL injuries occur
75% of ACL injuries were from non contact injury
- > internal rotation/adduction at the hip with external rotation of the tibia
- > ground contact in, or close to a flatfooted position
Three planes of motion
In what area of the body could weakness be a direct cause for an increased risk for ACL injury
- > if we know that the foot is causing the knee and hip to follow into the internal rotation and adduction position, it must be one target
How do we assess capacity to determine weakness in a joint/muscle and what does the weakness mean
we asses two basic capacities
- > mobility (range of motion aaround the joint segment)
- > stability (the ability to prevent unwanted movement around a joint segment)
if the joint is lacking mobility, it means that the person cannot move through the full range of motion
if the joint is lacking stability, it means that the person does not have either the force generating capacity in the muscle, or the ability to incorporate that muscle into an efficient movement pattern
Steps to reduce injury risk
step 1: identify the weakness
step 2: develop the foundational capacities (mobility and/or stablilty)
step 3: progress the challege of movement slowly so that the kinaesthetic ability of the person improves to ensure they are using the base capacities
How can we increase mobility
- > stretching
- > static stretching (holding elongated position)
- > dynamic stretching (moving with control through a full RoM)
- > proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (stretching-move to full range, contract against resistance, move to new full range, repeat)
How can we increase stability
- > we would first want to identif the muscle or motion that is weak then introduce isolated-integrated strengthening exercises
How can we retrain the nervous systems
- > progressively have the individual start working on things that will help with proprioception, exterproprioception and exteroception
How does a muscle contract
Ca binds to troponin to pull trypomyosin away so ATP has somewhere to bind
- Myosin head attaches to the actin filament using ATP
- The myosin head pivots and bends and pulls on the actin filament, sliding it towards the m line (ADP + P are released)
- as new ATP binds to head the cross bridge detaches
- As ATP is split into ADP + P, cocking of the myosin head occurs
How do muscles/ tissues break down ATP to ADP + P to produce energy for cellular work
They break it down with enzymes, specifically the ATPase enzyme
What is the role of the metabolic/digestive system
*energy production*
- > The DS allows us to absorb energy (carbs+fats) and nutrients (proteins, vitamins, minerals) from the food we eat
- > the MS are a set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that allow us to convert the energy sources (carbs, fats) into usable cellular energy (ATP)
Energy systems of the human body
- Aerobic Energy system (O2)
- > Oxydative phosphorylation - Anaerobic energy system (no O2)
- > phosphogen system
- > glycolytic system
Phosphogen System
- > builds some ATP
- > to keep doing work we need energy to put the ADP and Pi back together to make more ATP; Enzymes are used to facilitate this activity (creatine phosphate)
- > fastest energy system; shortest lasting system (10ish secs)
Glycolitic System
builds more ATP than Phosphagen system
- > uses energy from the breakdown of the chemical bonds of food to put ADP and Pi back together
- > breaks down glucose resulting in pyruvate to be cnverted into lactate during oxidative phosphorylation
Oxydative phosphorylation
builds alot of ATP
- > takes pyruvate and converts it into lactate
- > releases CO2; creates water
- > slowest energy system, lasts as long as it’s needed
Interaction between aerobic/ anaerobic ATP production
energy to perform exercise come from these interaction; depends of duration and intensity of exercise
Short term, high intensity activities
- > greater contribution of anaerobic energy systems
Long term, low to moderate-intensity exercise
- > majority of ATP produced from aerobic sources
Do the energy systems in your body ever turn off?
No, if they’re off ur dead
List all portions of the sphere “basketball as experience”
- > self sufficiency
- > self expresssion
- > competition
- > work
- > education
- > leisure
- > health
What are the main themes of the questions we can ask about the physical activity of basketball
- > History
- > philosophy
- > psychology
- > sociology
What are the different areas of scholarly study in basketball
- > philosophy of PA
- > sociology of PA
- > history of PA
- > biomechanics
- > psychology of PA
- > physiology of PA
- > motor behaviour
