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Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pelvis consist of?

A

Sacrum, Coccyx, Hips

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2
Q

Large, superior portion of the hip bone

A

Ilium

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3
Q

Posterior, Inferior portion of the hip bone

A

Ishium

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4
Q

Anterior, Inferior portion of the hip bone

A

Pubis

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5
Q

How is the greater sciatic notch converted into a foramen?

A

Sacrospinous Ligament

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6
Q

What passes the the greater sciatic notch?

A
  • Sciatic Nerve

- Piriformis

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7
Q

Which way does the acetabulum face? How does the fovea?

A

Acetabulum: Laterally, Inferiorly, Anteriorly
Fovea: Medially, Superiorly, Anteriorly

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8
Q

What goes from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle?

A

Inguinal Ligament

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9
Q

The inguinal region, or groin, is located where?

A

The depression between the abdomen and the thigh

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10
Q

A.ka for the patellar surface. Where is it located?

A

Trochlear Groove. Center to the Medial/Lateral Condyle of the inferior, anterior portion of the femur

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11
Q

Intercondylar Notch A.k.a and location

A

Intercondylar Fossa, Center to the Medial/Lateral Condyle of the inferior posterior portion of the femur

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12
Q

Explain a condyloid joint

A
  • Biaxial
  • Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction
  • Knuckles
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13
Q

Explain a saddle joint

A
  • Biaxial
  • Opposing surfaces are shaped like saddles
  • Concave and convex articulate with each other
  • Thumb
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14
Q

Closed-packed position

A
  • ligaments/joint capsule are tight
  • maximal articular surface contact
  • increased stability, decrease mobility
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15
Q

Loose-packed position

A
  • ligaments/joint capsule are loose
  • joint has maximal space and available movement
  • increased mobility, decrease stability
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16
Q

Anterior Ligaments of the hip

A
  1. Iliofemoral Ligament (Y lig)

2. Pubofemoral Ligament

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17
Q

Posterior Ligaments of the hip

A

Ishiofemoral Ligament

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18
Q

Attaches the AIIS, Acetabular Rim– Intertrochanteric Line of the Femur

A

Iliofemoral Ligament

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19
Q

Iliofemoral Ligament Checks..

A

Extension, Abduction, Lateral Rotation

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20
Q

Attaches Superior Pubic Ramus– Iliofemoral Ligament

A

Pubofemoral Ligament

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21
Q

Pubofemoral Ligament Checks..

A

Abduction

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22
Q

Ischial Part of the Acetabular Rim– Femoral Neck and Medial Greater Trochanter

A

Hyperextension

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23
Q

Bursa overlying the Ischial Tuberosity

+ its inflamed name

A

Ishiogluteal Bursa

-Weaver’s Bottom

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24
Q

Bursa between the iliopsoas muscle and iliopubic eminence

A

Iliopectineal Bursa

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25
Q

What relaxes during pregnancy to allow passage of the fetus?

A

Vertebropelvic Ligaments, Pubic Symphysis

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26
Q
  • This ligament attaches TVPs of L4, L5 to the posterior iliac crest
  • Key stabilizer of L5
  • Checks lateral Flexion
A

Iliolumbar Ligament

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27
Q

This type of movement is used to control or act as a brake (slow not stop)

A

Eccentric Contraction

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28
Q

IT Band

A
  • CT, not a mm
  • Thickening of the fascia lata (fascia of the thigh) on the lateral side of the leg.
  • Attachmentes: tubercle of iliac crest–Gerdy’s tubercle and patella

Sidelying, find BiFem tendon, slide anteriorly to the lateral thigh, Move proximal/Distal, feel ITband, Abduct and relax

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29
Q

PSOAS MAJOR

A

Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and associated intervertebral discs–Lesser Trochanter of femur

Lies just lateral to the abdominal aorta

Vertical

Hip Flexion (PM)
Lumbar Spine Flexion

Knee bolstered, supine, ASIS to Navel, fingers between, slowly sink in, flex hip

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30
Q

ILIACUS

A

Iliac Fossa–Lesser Trochanter of the femur

Lies just lateral to the abdominal aorta

Fanshaped

Hip Flexion (Synergist to Psoas)
Hip Anterior Tilt

Knee bolstered, supine, slowly sink fingers into iliac fossa, flex hip

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31
Q

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

A

External, posterior ilium, Post sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament–3/4 fibres IT band, remaining gluteal tuberosity

Inferolateral

Hip Extension (PM)
Hip Lateral Rotation
Hip Abduction

Prone, Knee flexed (eliminate hamstrings), Extend leg

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32
Q

GLUTEUS MEDIUS

A

External Ilium (anterior 2/3rds), Lateral surface of greater trochanter

Weak Glute Med results in Trendelenburg Gait

Fanshaped

Hip Abduction (PM)
Pelvic Support in weight bearing
AF: Hip Flexion, Medial Rotation
PF: Hip Extension, Lateral Rotation

Sidelying, Hands on both attachments, Abduct

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33
Q

Attachments of Glute Minimus

A
  • External Ilium (deep to med)

- Anterior surface of greater trochanter (deep to med)

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34
Q

Actions of Glute Minimus

A

Hip Abduction
Hip Medial Rotation
AF: Hip Flexion

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35
Q

TENSOR FASCIA LATA

A

Outer ASIS, IT band 1/3rd down thigh

Inferolateral

Hip Flexion
Hip Abduction
Hip Medial Rotation

Supine, find ASIS, move hand posterior/distal, medially rotate, feel oval mound beneath hand

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36
Q

PIRIFORMIS

A

Anterolateral Sacrum through greater sciatic notch–Posteromedial aspect of the Greater Trochanter

Short-Hip Lateral Rotator (mindful of sciatic nerve)

Inferolateral

Hip Lateral Rotation
(Hip 60’ flx) Abduction
(

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37
Q

QUADRATUS FEMORIS

A

Lateral aspect ischial tuberosity– Intertrochanteric crest

Short-Hip Lateral Rotator

Horizontal

Hip Lateral Rotation

Prone, distal/posterior portion of GreatTro and lat ishtube, lat rot, feel rectangle-shaped belly

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38
Q

What part of the patella articulates with the femur?

A

Medial and lateral facets of the patella articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur

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39
Q

Gerdy’s Tubercle

A

Lateral and superior to Tibial tuberosity

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40
Q

Knee Joint consists of two joints

A

Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints

Modified Hinge

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41
Q

What type of joint is the Tibiofemoral Joint?

A

Modified Hinge

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42
Q

Why is the Tibiofemoral joint considered a modified hinge joint?

A

Only performs Int/Ext Rotation while the knee is flexed

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43
Q

Describe the Q-Angle

A

Two lines: ASIS through patella, Tibial Tuberosity through patella
Normal usually 15’

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44
Q

How does the patella move in knee extension?

A

Superiorly and Laterally

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45
Q

What prevents the patella from moving too far laterally?

A

Lateral femoral condyle projects farther anteriorly

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46
Q

Attachments of the Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Knee. Check?

A

Lateral Epicondyle of femur to Fibular Head

Checks Varus Deviation

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47
Q

Attachments of the Medial Collateral Ligament of the Knee. Check?

A

Medial Epicondyle of femur to Medial Condyle of the tibia (deep fibres attach to the meniscus)
Valgus Deviation

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48
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Attachments. When slack, taut?

A

Anterior intercondylar area of tibia– Posterior medial side of the Lateral femoral condyle
Slack: Flx
Taut: Extension

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49
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament Attachments. When slack, taut?

A

Posterior intercondylar area of the tibia–Anterior and lateral surface of the Medial femoral condyle
Slack: Ext
Taut: Flexion

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50
Q

Suprapatellar Bursa

A

Between Quads Tendon and Femur

Held in place by articularis genu

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51
Q

Subcutaneous Prepatellar Bursa

A

Between Skin and Patella

“Housemaid’s Knee”

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52
Q

Subcutaneous Infrapatellar Bursa

A

Between Skin and Prox Tibia

“Clergyman’s Knee,” “Carpetlayer’s Knee”

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53
Q

Deep Infrapatellar Bursa

A

Between Quads Tendon and Anterior Tibia

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54
Q

Pes Anserine Bursa

A

Between Pes Anserine muscles and the medial tibia

“Goose’s Foot”

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55
Q

Medial Semimembranosus

A

Between tendons of medial semimembranosus and medial gastrocs
“Baker’s Cyst”

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56
Q

Bursa Deep to the IT Band

A

Between IT band and lateral femoral epicondyle

“Runner’s Knee”

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57
Q

RECTUS FEMORIS

A

Quads Muscles–Only one to cross hip

AIIS, through quads tendon to Tibial Tuberosity

Bipennate

Knee Extension
Hip Flexion

Supine, knee bolstered, locate AIIS and patella, flex hip off table to feel medial end, extend knee to feel distal end

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58
Q

VASTUS LATERALIS

A

Quads Muscle

Lateral lip of linea aspera–Tibial tuberosity through quads tendon

Vertical

Knee Extension

Side lying, feel lateral side of leg, extend relax knee *note superficial ITband

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59
Q

VASTUS MEDIALIS (+VMO)

A

Quads Muscles

Medial Lip of the linea aspera–Tibial tuberosity through quads tendon
(Medial, distal femur, VastMed, AddMag–Medial Patella)

Vertical

Knee Extension
(Pulls patella medially)

Supine, knee bolstered, extend knee

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60
Q

Vastus Intermedius Attachments

A

Proximal 2/3rds of Femur–Tibial tuberosity

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61
Q

Articularis Genu Attachements

A

Anterior, distal femur– Proximal articular capsule of the knee joint

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62
Q

Articularis Genu Actions

A

Pulls knee joint capsule of the proximally during knee extension to prevent pinching of the capsule

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63
Q

SARTORIUS

A

Pes Anserine, Longest Muscle in body

ASIS–Proximal, Anteromedial Tibia

Inferomedial

Hip Flexion
Hip Abduction
Hip Lateral Rotation
Knee Flexion
Knee Medial Rotation

Supine, rest foot on opposite knee, lift knee towards ceiling. Feel large RecFem and slim belly of sartorius. Approx 2 fingers wide

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64
Q

PECTINEUS

A

Adductor

Anterior pubic bone– just inferior to the lesser trochanter

Inferolateral

Hip Adduction
Hip Flexion

Located in centre of femoral triangle (iguinal lig base, sartorius, adductor longus)

Supine, Hip slightly flexed and laterally rotated, hands middle of medial thigh, adduct, move superolateral off Adductor longus. Sink into belly

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65
Q

Adductor Brevis Attachments

A

Anterior Pubic Bone– Proximal Linea Aspera

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66
Q

Adductor Brevis Movements

A

Hip Adduction

Hip Flexion

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67
Q

Adductor Longus Attachments

A

Anterior Pubic Bone– Linea Aspera (middle 1/3rd)

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68
Q

Adductor Longus Actions

A

Hip Adduction

Hip Flexion

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69
Q

GRACILIS

A

Adductor, Only adductor to cross knee, Pes Anserine

Anterior Pubic Bone–Proximal Anteromedial Tibia

Vertical

Hip Adduction
Knee Flexion
Knee Medial Rotation

Supine, knee bolstered, laterally rotated, adduct hip

  • slide fingers proximally to ant pubic bone, feel taut gracilis and longus, follow distally, one that passes middle thigh is gracilis
  • Medial tendon to Semitendinosus, palpate up
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70
Q

Adductor Magnus Post Fibres

A

Adductor

Ischial Tuberosity–Adductor Tubercle

Vertical

Hip Adduction
Hip Flexion

Sidelying, top leg flexed, adduct slightly, feel between attachments

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71
Q

BICEPS FEMORIS

A

Hamstrings

2 Heads: (LH) Ischial Tuberosity (SH) Linea Aspera (mid shaft)– Fibular Head

Vertical

(LH) Hip Extension
Knee Flexion
Knee Lateral Rotation

Prone, Lateral Tendon posterior knee

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72
Q

SEMITENDINOSUS

A

Hamstrings

Ischial Tuberosity–Proximal Anteromedial Tibia

Vertical

Hip Extension
Knee Flexion
Knee Medial Rotation

Prone, Medial, Superficial Tendon behind knee

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73
Q

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

A

Hamstrings

Ischial Tuberosity– Posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia

Vertical

Hip Extension
Knee Flexion
Knee Medial Rotation

Prone, Medial tendon deep to semitendinosus

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74
Q

What consists of the hindfoot?

A

Talus and Calcaneus

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75
Q

What consists of the midfoot?

A

Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms

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76
Q

What consists of the forefoot?

A

5 MTs and 14 Phalanges

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77
Q

What consists of the ball of the foot?

A

Padded potion of the sole of the foot at the MT heads

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78
Q

Pronation of the foot

A

“Up and Out”

Dorsiflexion, Eversion, Abduction

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79
Q

Supination of the foot

A

“Down and In”

Plantar Flexion, Inversion, Adduction

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80
Q

Proximal Tibiofibular Joint:

Where, Type, Actions, Ligaments

A
  • Head of the fibula w/ lateral condyle of the tibia
  • Synovial Plane
  • Superior, Inferior Glide w/ Dorsi/plantar flexion
  • Anterior/Posterior Ligament of Fibular Head
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81
Q

Distal Tibiofibular Joint:

Where, Type, Ligaments

A
  • Distal ends of fibula and tibia articulate
  • Fibrous
  • Interosseous Ligament (thickening interosseous membrane at its distal end)
  • Anterior/Posterior Tibiofibular Ligament
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82
Q

Ankle Joint

A

Talocrural

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83
Q

Talocrural Joint:

Where, Type, Actions, Ligaments

A
  • Distal ends of tibia and fibula articulate with trochlea of talus
  • Synovial, Hinge
  • Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion
  • Deltoid Ligament, Anterior Talofibular Ligament, Calcaneofibular Ligament
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84
Q

Describe the Deltoid Ligament

Names, Attachments, Checks

A

4 Ligaments

  1. Anterior Tibiotalar
  2. Tibionavicular
  3. Tibiocalcaneal
  4. Posterior Tibiotalar

Attaches: Medial Malleolus–Tarsal bones of the medial foot

Checks: Eversion

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85
Q

Describe the Anterior Talofibular Ligament

Attachments, Checks

A

Attaches: Lateral Malleolus–Neck of the Talus

Checks: Inversion (Esp in plantar flexion)

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86
Q

Describe the Calcaneofibular Ligament

Attachments, Checks

A

Attaches: Lateral Malleolus–Lateral Calcaneus

Checks: Inversion (When in neutral)

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87
Q

What is the most commonly injured ligament in the foot? (95%)

A

Anterior Talofibular Ligament

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88
Q

What are the Intertarsal joints?

A

Subtalar, Talocalcaneonavicular, Calcaneocuboid

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89
Q

Describe the Subtalar Joint

A
  • Inferior aspect of Talus with superior aspect of Calcaneus
  • Synovial, Plane
  • Inversion/Eversion
  • Talocalcaneal Ligaments
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90
Q

Describe the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint

A
  • Talus, Calcaneus, Posterior aspect of Navicular
  • Synovial, Ball and Socket
  • Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament
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91
Q

Describe the Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament

A

“Spring Ligament”
Attaches: Sustentaculum Tali–Posteroinferior surface of Navicular
-Maintains Longitudinal Arch
-When ligament is stretched, Talus sinks can sink resulting in flat foot (weight bearing)

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92
Q

Describe the Calcaneocuboid Joint

A
  • Calcaneus and Cuboid
  • Synovial, Plane
  • Long Plantar Ligament
93
Q

Describe the Long Plantar Ligament

A

(Calcaneocuboid Joint)
Attaches: Plantar surface of Calcaneus–Cuboid and bases of 2nd-4th MTs
–Forms a tunnel for peroneus longus
-Helps maintain arches of the foot

94
Q

What is the Transverse Tarsal Joint?

A

Talocalcaneonavicular and Calcaneocuboid Joint together
A.k.a Midtarsal Joint
-Helps increase inversion/eversion range by allowing abduction/adduction of the forefoot

95
Q

Describe the Tarsometatarsal Joint

A

Distal 4 Tarsal bones w/ bases of MT

  • Synovial, Plane
  • Limited movement due to tight binding bones
  • Dorsal, Plantar, Interosseous Ligaments
96
Q

Describe the Intermetatarsal Joint

A

Bases of the MTs

  • Synovial, Plane
  • Limited movement due to tight binding bones
  • Bases of 2nd-5th MT bound by Dorsal, Plantar, Interosseous Ligaments
97
Q

Describe the Metatarsophalangeal Joint

A

Heads of MTs w/ bases of Proximal Phalanges

  • Synovial, Condyloid
  • Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction
  • Collateral Ligaments
  • Plantar surface of Joint Capsules are thickened to form plantar plate ligaments
98
Q

Describe the Interphalangeal Joints

A

Head of one phalanx w/ base of distal phalanx

  • Synovial, Hinge
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Collateral Ligaments
99
Q

Arches of the foot serve as..

A

Shock Absorbers

-they distribute stress

100
Q

What are the arches of the foot called?

A
  1. Medial Longitudinal Arch
  2. Lateral Longitudinal Arch
  3. Transverse Arch
101
Q

What are the arches supported by?

A
  1. Shape of interlocking bones (primary)
  2. Ligaments
  3. Fascia
  4. Action of the muscles
102
Q

Bones of the Medial Longitudinal Arch

A

Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, 3 Cuneiforms, MTs 1-3

103
Q

Bones of the Lateral Longitudinal Arch

A

Calcaneus, Cuboid, MTs 4-5

104
Q

Bones of the Transverse Arch (anterior, middle, posterior)

A

Anterior: Head of 1st-5th MTs
Middle: Cuneiforms and Cuboid
Posterior: Navicular and Cuboid

105
Q

Attachments of Plantar Fascia

A

Medial Calcaneal Tubercle–Proximal Phalanx of each toe

106
Q

Windlass Mechanism

A
  • Toes Extend–Plantar Fascia Tightens
  • Pulls Calcaneus anteriorly–elevates arches
  • Puts food in Supination position
107
Q

Screw Home Mechanism

A

Knee is fully extended, Tibia rotates laterally locking the knee
-Popliteus medially rotates the tibia to unlock and allow the knee to flex

108
Q

What are the compartments of the leg?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Lateral
  3. Superficial Posterior
  4. Deep Posterior
109
Q

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

A

Anterior Compartment–Extensor Retinacula

Anterior Superolateral 1/2 Tibia, interosseous membrane–Base of 1st MT, 1st Cuneiform

Vertical

Dorsiflexion
Inversion

Supine, Knee bolstered, feet over edge of table, Dorsiflex, feel belly into tendon. Tendon anterior to medial malleolus through extensor retinaculum

110
Q

EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

A

Anterior Compartment–Extensor Retinacula

Anterior, middle fibula and interosseous membrane–base of the distal phalanx of 1st toe (dorsal surface)

Vertical

1st toe extension
Assists Dorsiflexion

Supine, Knee bolstered, feet over edge of table, extend 1st toe, see/feel tendon of EHL. Middle of the tendons through extensor retinacula

111
Q

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

A

Anterior Compartment–Extensor Retinacula

Proximal 3/4 of the anterior fibula, interosseous membrane–Middle/Distal, lateral 4 phalanges (dorsal surface)

Vertical

2nd-5th Toe Extension
Dorsiflexion
Eversion

Supine, Knee bolstered, feet over edge of table, extend lateral 4 toes. Tendon lateral of extensor retinacula tendons, follow proximally to muscle belly. Very slender betweeen TibAnt and Peroneals

112
Q

Peroneus Tertius

A

Not everyone has.
Would see another tendon going towards the base of the 5th MT
Dorsiflexion
Eversion

113
Q

Where are the tendons located in the extensor retinaculum

A

(Medial) Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus

114
Q

PERONEUS LONGUS

A

Lateral Compartment–Stirrup w/ TibAnt

Lateral, proximal 2/3rds of fibula–Base of the 1st MT, 1st Cuneiform

Vertical

Plantar Flexion
Eversion

Sitting, Do actions, Feel tendon, posterior to lateral malleolus go to the plantar surface, feel head of the fibula, move along. All are the peroneals, proximal is longus.

115
Q

PERONEUS BREVIS

A

Lateral Compartment

Lateral, distal 2/3rds of fibula–Tuberosity of 5th MT

Vertical

Plantar Flexion
Eversion

Sitting, Do actions, Feel tendon, posterior to lateral malleolus to the styloid process, feel head of the fibula, move along. All are the peroneals, Distal is brevis

116
Q

GASTROCNEMIUS

A

Superficial Posterior Compartment

2 Heads attach to Medial/Lateral femoral condyles–through achilles tendon–calcaneus

Vertical

Knee Flexion
Plantar Flexion

Prone, Feet off end of table, plantar flex onto my thigh,

117
Q

SOLEUS

A

Superficial Posterior Compartment

Proximal Posterior Fibula, Soleal Line (Tibia), Middle 1/3rd of medial border of Tibia–through achillies tendon–calcaneus

Vertical

Plantar Flexion

Prone, Bend knee to eliminate gastroc, plantar flex into my forearm

118
Q

Gastrocs and Soleus together are known as..

A

Triceps Surae

119
Q

TIBIALIS POSTERIOR

A

Deep Posterior Compartment *flexor retinaculum

Posterior Tibia, Interosseous Membrane, Fibula–Navicular Tuberosity and surrounding bones

Vertical

Inversion
Plantar Flexion

Behind medial malleolus, most anterior tendon. Proximal is distal muscle belly w/ other flexors

120
Q

FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

A

Deep Posterior Compartment*flexor retinaculum

Lower 2/3rds posterior fibula, interosseaous membrane–Plantar surface of 1st distal phalanx

Vertical

1st MTP, 1st IP Flexion
Plantar Flexion
Inversion

Lateral Tendon behind Medial malleolus . Proximal is distal muscle belly w/ other flexors

121
Q

FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

A

Deep Posterior Compartment *flexor retinaculum

Posterior middle Tibia–Plantar surface of distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes

Vertical

2nd-5th PIP/DIP/MTP Flexion
Plantar Flexion
Inversion

122
Q

What is the 1 Intrinsic Foot Muscle? Actions, Attachments

A

Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Anterior dorsal surface of calcaneus–medial distal 4 phalanges
Extension of medial 4 toes

123
Q

Muscles of the 1st layer of the Foot

A
  1. Abductor Hallucis
  2. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
  3. Abductor Digiti Minimi
124
Q

Actions of Abductor Hallucis

A

(1st Layer)

Abduction of 1st toe

125
Q

Actions of Flexor Digitorum Brevis

A

(1st layer)

Flexion 2nd-5th toes

126
Q

Actions of Abductor Digiti Minimi

A

(1st layer)

Abduction of 5th Toe

127
Q

Muscles of the 2nd Layer of the Foot

A
  1. Quadratus Plantae
  2. Lumbricals
    (also FHL and FDL)
128
Q

Actions of Quadratus Plantae

A

Assists FDL in flexion of lateral 4 digits

129
Q

Actions of Lumbricals

A

Flexion of the MTP Joint and extension of PIPs/DIPs

130
Q

Muscles of the 3rd Layer of the Foot

A
  1. Flexor Hallucis Brevis
  2. Adductor Hallucis
  3. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
131
Q

Actions of Flexor Hallucis Brevis

A

Flexion of 1st MTP joint

two sesamoid bones to protect tendons from pressure during standing/walking

132
Q

Actions of Adductor Hallucis

A

Adducts 1st Toe

Helps maintain transverse arch

133
Q

Actions of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

A

Flexion of 5th MTP joint

134
Q

Muscles in the 4th Layer of the Foot

A
  1. Dorsal Interossei

2. Plantar Interossei

135
Q

Actions of Dorsal Interossei

A

Abduction of 2nd-4th MTP joints

136
Q

Actions of Plantar Interossei

A

Adduction of 3rd-5th MTP joints

137
Q

Describe the Sternoclavicular Joint

A

Sternal end of the clavicle w/ the manubrium

  • Synovial, Saddle
  • Superior/Inferior Glide, Anterior/Posterior Glide, Rotation
  • Anterior Sternoclavicular Lig
  • Posterior Sternoclavicular Lig
  • Interclavicular Lig
  • Costoclavicular Lig (inferior clavicle-1st rib)
138
Q

When you fall on an outstretched hand, what absorbs the shock?

A

An articular disc in the Sternoclavicular Joint

139
Q

Describe the Acromioclavicular Joint

A

Acromial end of clavicle w/ acromion of scapula

  • Synovial, Plane
  • Anterior/Posterior Glide, Rotation
  • Acromioclavicular Lig
  • Coracoacromial Lig
  • Coracoclavicular Lig
    • Trapezoid Lig
    • Conoid Lig
140
Q

Difference between the Surgical and Anatomical Neck

A

On Humerus
Anatomical Neck: Superior to the greater/lesser tubercle
Surgical Neck: Inferior to the greater/lesser tubercles
-Common fracture point

141
Q

Describe the radial groove

A

Groove on the posterior, mid humerus for the radial nerve to pass through

142
Q

Describe Scapulohumeral Rhythm

A

0’-15’: no movement of scapula
15’-120’: 2GH:1ST
120’-Full: 1GH:1ST

143
Q

During abduction, what must the humerus do? Why?

A

External Rotation at about 90’-120’

-So the greater tubercle clears the coracoacromial arch

144
Q

What are the two weakest spots in the Glenohumeral Joint capsule?

A

Inferiorly: Axillary Recess
Anteriorly: Foramen of Weitbrecht

145
Q

Number of Vertabrae in all segments

A 
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Fused Sacrum 
4 Fused Coccyx
146
Q

Difference between SP and TVP

A

SP: Posterior prominence
TVP: Lateral prominence

147
Q

UPPER TRAPEZIUS

A

Extrinsic Back

  • Middle 1/3 superior Nuchal line, inion to C7 SP, via Nucal Ligament
  • Lateral clavicle and acromion

Inferolateral

H/N Fixed:
ST Upward Rotation
ST Elevation

Scap Fixed:
Bilateral Neck Extension
Contralateral Rotation
Ipsilateral Lateral Rotation

Seated, Lower fibres by elevation, upper fibres w/ contralateral rotation

148
Q

MIDDLE TRAPEZIUS

A

Extrinsic Back

  • SP C7 to T5
  • Superior lip of the spine of the scapula

Horizontal

ST Retraction

Prone, locate spine of scapula, slide medially onto traps. Stay superficial as to not feel rhomboids. Perform retraction (can you lift your shoulders off the table)

149
Q

LOWER TRAPEZIUS

A

Extrinsic Back

  • T6 to T12 SP
  • Root of Spine of Scapula

Superolateral

ST Upward Rotation
ST Depression

Prone, Imagine Line between Root of spine to T12. Ask partner to lift hands over head. Feel for superficial Traps

150
Q

LATISSIMUS DORSI

A

Extrinsic Back

  • SP T6 to iliac crest, , lumbar/sacral vertebrae through thoracolumnar fascia, 9-12 ribs, inferior angle of the scapula
  • Floor of Bicipital Groove

Superolateral

GH Internal Rotation
GH Adduction
GH Extension

Prone, Arm off side of table, find scapula’s lateral border, grab tissue lateral to the border, Medially rotate or extend to feel contract. May also be parts of Teres Major

151
Q

RHOMBOIDS

A

Extrinsic Back *Helps SerrAnt hold scapula to ribs

  • SP C7 to T5
  • Root of the spine to the inferior angle

Inferolateral

ST Retraction
ST Downward Rotation
ST Depression

Prone, Find medial border and C7-T5, feel superficial traps, sink deeper for rhomboids. Partner’s hand on small of back, elbow to ceiling

152
Q

LEVATOR SCAPULA

A

Extrinsic Back

  • TVPs of C1-C4
  • Superior Angle to the Root of the spine

Inferolateral

H/N Fixed:
ST Downward Rotation
ST Elevation

Scap Fixed:
Bilateral Neck Extension
Ipsilateral Rotation
Ipsilateral Lateral Flexion

Inferior portion is deep to Upper Traps, so palpate for the Upper portion. Belly approx 2 fingers wide, fibres twist around themselves

153
Q

PECTORALIS MAJOR

A

Chest & Thorax *Deltopectoral Triangle

  • Clavicular Head (UF): Anterior, Medial 1/2 of clavicle
  • Sternocostal Head (LF): Sternum, Anterior costal cartilage of ribs 2-6
  • Lateral Lip of Bicipital Groove

Fanshape

GH Horizontal Adduction
GH Adduction
GH Internal Rotation
GH Flexion (from full extension)
GH Extension (from full flexion)

Supine w/ arm slightly abducted. Thumb into axilla, grab muscle. Medially Rotate.

154
Q

PECTORALIS MINOR

A

Chest & Thorax *Tipping Scapula w/ tight

  • Coracoid Process
  • 3-5 Ribs

Inferomedial

ST Protraction
ST Depression
ST Downward Rotation

Scap Fixed: Elevate Ribs with forced inhalation

Supine w/ arm abducted. Find lateral edge of major and slide underneath in the direction of coracoid process along ribs. Slightly depress shoulders, “press your shoulders to your hip”

155
Q

SERRATUS ANTERIOR

A

Chest & Thorax *winging scapula

  • Anterior surface of the medial border of scapula
  • Lateral surfaces of upper 8 ribs

Fanshape

ST Protraction
ST Upward Rotation (LF)
*Holds medial border of the scapula flat against ribs

Supine, Feel along upper 8 lateral ribs. Arm straight up, push fist up into hand

156
Q

DELTOIDS

A

Shoulder/Scapular Region *Deltopectoral Triangle

AH: Anterior, lateral 1/3 Clavicle
MH: Lateral Acromion
PH: Spine of the Scapula
-Deltoid Tuberosity

Fanshape

GH Abduction (PM)
AH: Flexion, Internal Rotation, Horizontal Adduction
PH: Extension, External Rotation, Horizontal Abduction

Seated, Make V of attachments for entire belly. Abduct for all, flex/extend for ant/post Fibres

157
Q

What is the deltopectoral triangle? Relevance?

A

Divergence of PecMajor, Anterior Delt, and Clavicle

  • Cephalic Vein lies within
  • Easy access point for the coracoid process
158
Q

SUPRASPINATUS

A

Rotator Cuff Muscles

  • Supraspinous Fossa
  • Superior Facet of the Greater Tubercle of the humerus

Horizontal

GH Abduction
-Stabilizes GH joint by tucking the head of the humerus into the glenoid fossa

Prone, find spine of scapula, move superior, sink into supraspinous fossa, move laterally until it tucks under the acromion. Abduct arm

159
Q

INFRASPINATUS

A

Rotator Cuff Muscles

  • Infraspinous Fossa
  • Middle Facet of the Greater Tubercle of the humerus

Superolateral

GH External Rotation

Prone w/ arm off table, find spine of scapula, move inferiorly to sink into the infraspinous fossa. Externally Rotate

160
Q

TERES MINOR

A

Rotator Cuff Muscle

  • Lateral, middle border of the scapula
  • Inferior Facet of the Greater Tubercle of the humerus

Superolateral

GH External Rotation

Prone w/ arm off table, find superior portion of the lateral border of scapula. Slide off border onto teres minor. Externally Rotate

161
Q

SUBSCAPULARIS

A

Rotator Cuff Muscle

  • Subscapular Fossa
  • Medial Lip of the Bicipital Groove (lesser tubercle)

Horizontal

GH Internal Rotation

Sidelying, pull arm into protraction, other hand-thumb into axilla to the lateral border of the scapula, curl thumb into subscapular fossa, Internally Rotate

162
Q

TERES MAJOR

A

Shoulders/Scapular Region

  • Posterior Surface of the Inferior Angle of the Scapula
  • Medial Lip of the Bicipital Groove (Lesser Tubercle)

Superolateral

GH Internal Rotation
GH Extension
GH Adduction

Prone w/ arm off the side of the table, grab lats, move medially to find lateral border, Internally Rotate

163
Q

What does the elbow joint consist of?

A

Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Articulations

164
Q

Humeroulnar Articulation

A

Posteriorly:
-Olecranon on Ulna/Olecranon Fossa on Humerus
Anteriorly:
-Trochlea on the Humerus/ Trochlear Notch on Ulna

165
Q

Humeroradial Articulation

A

Capitulum articulates with the head of the radius

166
Q 
Elbow Joint
(type, movements, ligaments)
A

Synovial, Hinge –Very Stable!

Flexion/Extension

Lateral Collateral Ligament
-Lateral Epicondyle–Annular Ligament of Radius
Medial Collateral Ligament
-Medial Epicondyle–Coronoid process, Olecranon process

167
Q

What do the Lateral and Medial Collateral Ligaments of the Elbow check?

A

Lateral Collateral Lig: Cubitus Varus Deviation

Medial Collateral Lig: Cubitus Valgus Deviation

168
Q

Proximal Radioulnar Joint

attachments, type, movements, ligaments

A

Head of the radius w/ the radial notch of the ulna

Synovial, Pivot

Pronation/Supination

Annular Ligament

  • Anterior surface of radial notch around head of the radius to posterior surface of radial notch.
  • Holds head in place, allows movement
169
Q

Distal Radioulnar Joint

attachments, type, movements, ligaments

A

Head of the ulna w/ the ulnar notch of the radius

Synovial, Pivot

Pronation/Supination

Palmar and Dorsal radioulnar ligaments
-Distal Ulna-Distal Radius

  • Also an articular disc
  • Binds distal radius and ulna
  • Ulna doesnt articulate directly with carpal bones
170
Q

CORACOBRACHIALIS

A

Anterior Arm

  • Coracoid Process
  • Middle, medial humerus

Vertical

GH Flexion
GH Adduction

Palpate?

171
Q

BICEPS BRACHII

A

Anterior Arm
*Tendon in Cubital Fossa

  • LH: Supraglenoid Tubercle (through bicipital groove)
  • SH: Coracoid Process
  • Radial Tuberosity, Bicipital Aponeurosis

Vertical

GH Flexion (LH)
Elbow Flexion in Supination
172
Q

Coracoid Process is the attachment of many things. What is at 4 o’clock, 7 o’clock, 10 o’clock, 11/12 o’clock

A

4: PecMinor Tendon
7: Coracobrachialis, Biceps Brachii Tendons
10: Coracoacromial Ligament
11/12: Coracoclavicular Ligament

173
Q

BRACHIALIS

A

Anterior Arm
*FLoor of cubital fossa w/ supinator

  • Anterior, distal half of humerus
  • Ulnar Tuberosity, Coronoid Process

Vertical

Elbow Flexion in Pronation

174
Q

TRICEPS BRACHII

A

Posterior Arm

LH: Infraglenoid Tubercle
LAH: Posterior, Proximal 1/2 of Humerus
MH: Posterior, Distal 1/2 of Humerus
-Olecranon Process

Vertical

GH Extension (LH)
Elbow Extension
175
Q

What muscle assists triceps?

A

Anconeus

176
Q

Name all the carpal bones

+any special characteristics

A 
Proximal Row (lateral-medial):
Scaphoid--tubercle, most common fracture
Lunate--most common dislocation
Triquetrum--has sesamoid bone (pisiform)
Pisiform--is a sesamoid bone on the Triquetrum 
Distal Row (lateral-medial)
Trapezium--tubercle
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate--Hook of the hamate (tunnel for ulnar nerve)
177
Q

Explain Carpal Tunnel

A

-Carpal bones have natural anterior concavity
Flexor Retinaculum attaches:
Laterally: Tubercles of the Scaphoid and Trapezium
Medially: Hook of Hamate and Pisiform
-Retinaculum forms a tunnel for structures to pass

178
Q 
Radiocarpal Joint
(attachments, type, movements, ligaments)
A

Distal radius and articulating disc (distal radioulnar joint) w/ Proximal carpal bones

Synovial, Condyloid

Flexion/Extension, Ulnar/Radial Deviation, Circumduction

Palmar/Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligs

179
Q 
Ulnomeniscotriquetral Joint
(attachments, type, movements)
A

Ulna w/ articulating disc–w/ Triquetrum

Synovial

Flexion/Extension

180
Q 
Midcarpal Joint
(attachments, type, movements, ligaments)
A

Proximal row of carpals w/ distal carpal row

Synovial, plane

Increases Flexion/Extension, Increase Radial Deviation

Dorsal and Palmar Intercarpal Ligaments

181
Q 
Intercarpal Joint
(attachments, type, movements, ligaments)
A

Between carpal bones

Synovial, Plane

Interosseous Intercarpal Ligs

182
Q 
Carpometacarpal Joint (1, 2-5)
(attachments, type, movements, ligaments)
A

Distal Row w/ metacarpals

1st Carpometacarpal Joint:

  • Trapezium w/ base of 1st MC
  • Synovial, Saddle

2nd-5th Carpometacarpal Joint:

  • Distal carpals w/ bases of metacarpals 2-5
  • little mvmnt
  • dorsal/palmar/interosseous ligs
183
Q 
Intermetacarpal Joint
(attachments, type, movements, ligaments
A

Between bases of medial 4 metacarpals

Synovial, Plane

Interosseous Ligaments
Deep Transverse Metacarpal Ligament
-between heads of medial 4 Metacarpals

184
Q 
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
(attachments, type, movements, ligaments
A

Heads of MC w/ bases of proximal phalanges

Synovial, Condyloid

Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction (reference 3rd)

Medial/Lateral Collateral Ligaments
Palmar Ligaments–check hyperextension

185
Q 
Interphalangeal Joints
(attachments, type, movements, ligaments
A

Head of proximal phalanx w/ base of next distal phalanx

Synovial, Hinge

Flexion/Extension

Medial/Lateral Collateral Ligaments

186
Q

What are the muscles of the Superficial Anterior Arm?

A
  1. Pronator Teres
  2. Flexor Carpi Radialis
  3. Palmaris Longus
  4. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
187
Q

What muscles have a common tendinous attachment at the medial epicondyle of the humerus? What is the tendon called?

A

Common Flexor Tendon

Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

188
Q

What is the common flexor tendon’s inflammed name?

A

CFTitis, “Golfer’s Elbow”

189
Q

PRONATOR TERES

A

Anterior Forearm, Superficial Layer
*Medial side of cubital fossa

  • Medial Epicondyle of Humerus, Coronoid Process of Ulna
  • Middle, lateral surface of the radius

Inferolateral

RU Pronation
Elbow Flexion (weak)

Elbow at 90’, shake hands, find biceps brachii tendon, move distally, pronate

190
Q

FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS

A

Anterior Forearm, Superficial Layer, Flexors

  • Medial Epicondyle
  • Base of 2nd MC, slip to the 3rd

Vertical

RC Flexion
Radial Deviation
Elbow Flexion (weak)

Lateral Tendon at the wrist, follow up to belly, Flex/Deviate

191
Q

PALMARIS LONGUS

A

Anterior Forearm, Superficial Layer, Flexor

  • Medial Epicondlye
  • Palmar Aponeurosis

Vertical

RC Flexion
Elbow Flexion (weak)

Medial Tendon at wrist, follow to muscle belly *not everyone has tendon-14% of population do not. Can be absent on 1 or both sides, usually left

192
Q

FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS

A

Anterior Forearm, Superficial Layer, Flexor
*makes pisiform a sesamoid bone

(HH) Medial Epicondyle
(UH) Olecranon, Upper 1/2 of posterior ulna
-Pisiform, Hook of the Hamate, Base of 5th MC

Vertical

RC Flexion
Ulnar Deviation
Elbow Flexion (weak)

Shaking hands, elbow flexion 90’, supinate arm. Find pisiform, slide proximally onto tendon (superficial), ulnar deviate, feel contract, follow to belly

193
Q

Muscles of the Intermediate Anterior Forearm.

A
  1. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

* Superficial to another flexor

194
Q

Attachments of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

A

(HH) Medial Epicondyle, Coronoid Process of Ulna
(RH) Anterior/Superior Radius
–>passes deep to flexor retinaculum
-Sides of the bases of intermediate phalanges of the medial 4 digits

195
Q

Actions of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

A 
Flexion 2nd-5th CMC, MCP, PIP joints
RC Flexion
Elbow Flexion (weak)
196
Q

Important to note about Flexor Digitorum Superficialis tendon

A
  • Through Carpal Tunnel

- It bifurcates around FDP

197
Q

Muscles of the Deep Anterior Forearm

A
  1. Flexor Digitorum Profundus
  2. Flexor Pollicis Longus
  3. Pronator Quadratus
198
Q

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Attachments

A
  • Proximal, anterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane
  • ->passes deep to flexor retinaculum
  • Bases of distal phalanxes of medial 4 digits
199
Q

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Actions

A

Flexion 2nd-5th CMC, MCP, IP joints

RC Flexion

200
Q

Flexor Pollucis Longus Attachments

A
  • Anterior, middle surface of radius and interosseous membrane
  • ->passes deep to flexor retinaculum
  • Base of distal phalanx of thumb
201
Q

Flexor Pollucis Longus Actions

A

Flexion IP of 1st digit

MCP, CMC joint flexion of 1st digit

202
Q

Pronator Quadratus Attachements & Action

A
  • Distal, Anterior Ulna
  • Distal Anterior Radius

Pronation

203
Q

MM Rotate the Forearm

A

Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus

204
Q

MM that Flex the Hand

A

Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Palmaris Longus

205
Q

MM that Flex the Digits

A

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollucis Longus

206
Q

Tendons in Carpal Tunnel

A

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollucis Longus
(Median Nerve)

207
Q

Explain the Cubital Fossa

A

Triangular Space at Front of Elbow
Superiorly: Line between medial/lateral epicondyles
Medially: Pronator Teres
Laterally: Brachioradialis
Floor: Brachialis, Supinator
Roof: Fascia, Bicipital Aponeurosis
-Contains biceps tendon, brachial artery, brachial vein, median nerve

208
Q

MMs of Superficial Posterior Forearm

A
  1. Brachioradialis
  2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
  3. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
  4. Extensor Digitorum
  5. Extensor Digiti Minimi
  6. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
209
Q

Wad of 3 MMs

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

210
Q

BRACHIORADIALIS

A

Posterior Forearm, Superficial Later

  • Lateral side of cubital fossa
  • Drinking Muscle
  • Wad of 3
  • Lateral Supracondylar Ridge of humerus (prox part)
  • Lateral Distal Radius

Vertical

Elbow Flexion in neutral

Shake hands, flex elbow 90’, forearm neutral. Flex elbow against resistance. Brachioradialis will bulge on the lateral side (or start at lateral supracondylar ridge, move distal). Feel belly!

211
Q

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS

A

Posterior Forearm, Superficial Layer

  • Wad of 3
  • extensor retinaculum
  • Lateral Supracondylar Ridge (Distal Part)
  • ->through extensor retinaculum
  • Base of 2nd MC (Posterior)

Vertical

RC Extension
Radial Deviation

Shake hands, elbow 90’, locate brachioradialis, slide medially on ECRL/B Fibres. Abduct to be sure.

212
Q

MMs w/ Common Tendinous Attachment at the Lateral Epicondyle. What is the tendon called?

A

Common Extensor Tendon

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Digiti Minimi, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

213
Q

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS

A

Posterior Forearm, Superficial Layer
*Wad of 3

  • Lateral Epicondyle
  • ->through extensor retinaculum
  • Base of 3rd MC

Vertical

RC Extension
Radial Deviation

Shake hands, elbow 90’, locate brachioradialis, slide medially on ECRL/B Fibres. Abduct to be sure. Brevis will be more medial of the two

214
Q

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM

A

Posterior Forearm, Superficial Layer

  • Lateral Epicondyle
  • ->through extensor retinaculum
  • Distal Phalanges of Medial 4 Digits

Vertical

Extension MCP, IP joints 2-5
RC Extension

Shake hands w/ partner, flex elbow to 90’, slide laterally off the ECRL/B fibres onto ED’s flat surface. Extend wrist and fingers

215
Q

Extensor Digiti Minimi Attachment and Action

A

-Lateral Epicondyle
-5th Digit
Extension of 5th Digit

216
Q

EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS

A

Posterior Forearm, Superficial Layer

  • Lateral Epicondyle
  • Base of 5th MC

Vertical

RC Extension
Ulnar Deviation

Shake hands, elbow 90’ flexion, Locate ulnar shaft. Slide laterally off shaft, adduct wrist

217
Q

MMs of the deep posterior forearm

A

1 .Supinator

  1. Extensor Indicis
  2. Abductor Pollicis Longus
  3. Extensor Pollicis Brevis
  4. Extensor Pollicis Longus
218
Q

Indicis Refers to…

A

Index Finger

219
Q

Supinator Attchments

A

(SL) Lateral Epicondyle
(DL) Supinator Fossa
-Anterior, lateral, posterior parts of proximal radius

220
Q

Extensor Indicis Attachments/Action

A

-Posterior Middle Forearm
-Extensor expansion of 2nd Digit
Extends 2nd Digit

221
Q

Abductor Pollicis Longus Attachments/Actions

A

-Posterior, Middle Forearm
-Base of 1st MC
Abduction 1st CMC

222
Q

Extensor Pollicis Brevis Attachments/Actions

A

-Posterior, Middle Forearm
-Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Extension of 1st CMC, MCP

223
Q

Extensor Pollicis Longus Attachments/Actions

A

-Posterior, Middle Forearm
-Base of distal phalanx of thumb
Extension of 1st IP, MCP

224
Q

Describe the Anatomical Snuff Box

A

Lateral Aspect at the base of the thumb
Anterior Border: APL, EPB
Posterior Border: EPL
Floor: Scaphoid

225
Q

Intrinsic Hand MMs

A

The Thenar Muscles
The Hypothenar Muscles
Deep Muscles

226
Q

Thenar MMs

A

(Thumb-adductor)

  • Opponens Pollicis
  • Abductor Pollicis Brevis
  • Flexor Pollicis Brevis
227
Q

Hypothenar MMs

A

(pinky + palm)

  • Opponens Digiti Minimi
  • Abductor Digiti Minimi
  • Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
  • Palmaris Brevis
228
Q

Deep Intrinsic Hand MMs

A
  • Adductor Pollicis
  • Lumbricals
  • Dorsal Interossei
  • Palmar Interossei

Anatomy (14 decks)

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