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Developmental Neurobiology 🧠 > Final: Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Final: Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 methods of refinement?

A

1) Refinment topography
2) refine convergence
3) refine postsynaptic compartment

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2
Q

Refine Topography

A

correct location, but too far

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3
Q

Refine convergence

A

remove connections

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4
Q

Refine postsynaptic compartment

A

innervates soma and dendrites, then backs off dendrites

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5
Q

Decrease in convergence means you eliminate…

A

input

in young neurons, increase based on how many neurons coming in, adult neuron has calmed it down, just takes 1

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6
Q

Experiment: hippocampus crossing corpus C.

A

cells don’t die, but they will eliminate connections after crossing

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7
Q

How do we image the cat brain?

A

3H proline
Retina: label aa, inject into cell, vesicle release chain to thalamus to cortex

white in photos: becomes organized swirl

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8
Q

Experiment: cover primate eye

A

uneven left and right eye territory

need to use eye to keep competition

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9
Q

Experiment: labeling with horseradish (HRP): what are the two steps in reducing retina ganglion cell terminates in LGN?

A

1) PRENATAL loss of branches in wrong layer

2) POSTNATAL: loss of extra branches

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10
Q

Why does refinement occur at NMJ?

A

can’t extend and flex at same time, not just about who has more, but who has the right connections.

Usage shows what is wrong with the system

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11
Q

Experiment: cat shut 1 eye at birth

A

monocular: one eye super long column

Thalamus doesn’t change, it’s the cortex that changes

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12
Q

Experiment: cat shut both eyes

A

similar to controls, most cell binocular

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13
Q

Experiment: shut 1 eye in adult

A

nothing happens, critical window, once window closed not plastic

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14
Q

Monkeys: ocular dominance:

A

anatomical decrease faster than physiology,

The Layer 4 morphology changes before the physiological response

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15
Q

What actually regulates critical period?

A

When GABA is inhibitory, critical window closes

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16
Q

Pirate mice

1) normal adult
2) pirate baby mouse
3) pirate adult
4) GAD 65 -/- adults
5) MGE cells (P10) transplant in adult

A

1/3- adults normal

2/5/6- shifted

GAD-/- = no inhibitory GABA
MGE cells= no inhibitory GABA

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17
Q

_______ leads to specificity of synaptic connections.

A

Synapse elimination

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18
Q

Axonal withdrawal = (more/fewer) postsynaptic cells innervated

A

fewer

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19
Q

Experiment: Strabismus Cat

A

not just the amount of activity, its the timing
can’t integrate L/R info.
NO SYNCHRONY

lose binocular connections
Graph look like two monocular bumps

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20
Q

How does strabismus cat alter cortical projection pattern?

A

loss of horizontal projections in layers 1-3, look like weird stripes now

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21
Q

Experiment: force frog to share tectum

A

not coactive, destabilizes so each eye gets own territory in tectum

based on surrounding activity

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22
Q

For you give NMJ TTX cuff and eliminate AP,

A

polyneuronal innervation remains

23
Q

Experiment: NMJ, increase stimulation

Stimulate wrong contact

A

speed up process, lose MN connections

Stimulate wrong contact = wrong connection

24
Q

Motor neuron elimination and distance

A

only competition is near by, if far enough apart, you can stimulate one and still not get elimination of the other

25
Q

Stimulus orientation of lines is noted by different recordings from

A

primary visual cortex

26
Q

Experiment: cat with line glasses

A

Better at vertical stuff than controls

27
Q

Experiment: strobe light cat, only see stationary objects

A

worse than controls at detecting motion

28
Q

Ferrets: reared in the dark

A

orientation diminished
motion direction detection is gone through

Different aspects of vision have different windows

29
Q

Experiment: Frog eye rotate 180 degrees

A

location of stimulus moves, temporal of other eye synapse at new location

30
Q

Experiment: Rats in clicking environment

A

no refinement

respond to broad range of frequencies and broader frequency tuning properties

Ruined topographical organization in cochlea

31
Q

Remapping Owls: 23 degree prism glasses: Thinks mouse in front. 60 microsecond difference between ears hearing squeaks

inject tracer to ICC
optic tectum- where visual/auditory integrate

A

result: auditory map adjusts to the visual map.

normal experience essential for good synaptic refinement

32
Q

Activity dependent development includes activations of

A

NMDA R and CAMK2

33
Q

Heterosynaptic depression = (increase/decrease) in synaptic strength

A

decrease

34
Q

_____ mediates alterations in synaptic strength

A

2nd Messengers

35
Q

Spontaneous visual activity

Experiment:

1) Dark reared cat
2) TTX block cat

A

pattern until eyes open - helps ocular dominance

Spontaneous retinal activity = stripe formation in layer 4

TTX block = no stripe

36
Q

Spontaneous activity: auditory

Experiment: isolate cochlea, use ATP antagonist

A

Normally, supporting cells release ATP, acts like NT, cells release glutamate

Eliminates spontaneous activity

37
Q

Spontaneous activity: Cortex

A

Ca2+ signal caudal –> rostral

Ends when inhibitory synapse become hyperpolarizing

38
Q

Heterosynaptic depression at NM synapse

LP vs. SN
Stim SN = muscle contraction, but Stim LP…

A

activity in one synapse depresses another

SN gives weaker muscle contraction. LP doesn’t change, but decreases the other

39
Q

How does heterosynaptic depression work:

A

Stimulation: PKA and PKC

PKA: activated by ligand release with AcH, protects AChRs under active terminal

PKC: activated by Ca2+ influx, phosphorylates AChRs on inactive terminal

40
Q

ProBDNF and synaptic withdrawal

A

retrograde signal.
proBDNF= synaptic depression, withdrawal from presynaptic target.

Block with p75NTR - synaptic depression and withdrawal

41
Q

Experiment: UV light increases Calcium influx

1) UV + muscle, Ca2+ increase
2) Same, but add that presynaptic activity

A

1) synaptic depression

2) add presynaptic activity, no retrograde signal to depress

42
Q

To activate, NMDA-R needs

A

1) depolarization to get Mg2+ block out

2) Glutamate

43
Q

Experiment: 3 eyed frog

1) Control
2) NMDA block (APV/MK801)
3) NMDA receptor activation

A

1) lines
2) no lines
3) VERY distinct lines

increase NMDA = retinal terminal segregation

44
Q

Dendrite synapse formation and CAMs

Activity = (more/less) CAMK2 due to ___

A

more CAMK2 due to Ca2+

45
Q

CAMK2 phosphorylates ____ and ____ which results in…

A

DLG (synaptic protein)
Fas2 (cell adhesion molecule)

less adhesion, more sprouting.
Fas 2 not synaptic

46
Q

Flies with increase cAMP have

A

decrease Fas2, more bountinal ends

47
Q

LTD in development; what happens to it

A

Decreases as you develop. At first, low freq. stim has long lasting depression, then no effect

48
Q

Depressed synapse

A

decrease colocalization of pre/postsynaptic elements

49
Q

increased stability

A

equally likely to colocalize region

50
Q

GABA transmission is need for normal inhibitory synapse formation, what happens in GAD67-/-

A

no GABA synthesis

lose inhibitory synapses because they aren’t functional, and don’t activate

51
Q

synaptic activity/dendrite length: dendrite morphology depends on ___ contact

A

presynaptic

52
Q

Postsynaptic targets are branchier when

A

more activity, used more

53
Q

Experiment: cut NM affert axons at the midline

Golgi stain results?

A

Ventral dendrites shorter than those on dorsal side

54
Q

Normally, dendritic spine mobility decreased, but in binocular deprived,

A

spine mobility increased, doesn’t like not activity at all, can’t lose everything, trying to bring it back

Developmental Neurobiology 🧠 (11 decks)

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