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Developmental Neurobiology 🧠 > Exam 1: Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeobox

A

Region of DNA that codes for domain which can bind DNA

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2
Q

Homeobox domain

A

Codes for homeodomain of protein

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3
Q

Homeodomain

A

Conserved region of protein

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4
Q

Hox

A

Family of homeobox genes; conserved in animals

patterns, function as transcription factors

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5
Q

Anterior-Posterior (AP) Patterning

A

Differentiation of body parts

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6
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon-thalamus’

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7
Q

Mescencephalon

A

midbrain

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8
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Met- pons/cerebellum

Mey- medulla

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9
Q

Drosophila egg

A

15 nerve cells, establish radius of mRNA

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10
Q

Drosophilia egg anterior

A

Bicoid and Hunchback

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11
Q

Drosophilia egg posterior

A

Nanos and Caudal

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12
Q

____ control expression of pair rule genes

A

Gap genes

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13
Q

Homeosis

A

transform 1 gene to another

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14
Q

Ultrabithorax

A

2 sets of wings

3rd thoracic segment

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15
Q

Antennapodia

A

transforms antenna to leg

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16
Q

___ sets up for homeotic genes and morphological changes in different segments

A

pair rule

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17
Q

Goal of homeotic genes

A

segmenting

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18
Q

Hox genes code for

A

homeodomain

Ant-C and CT-X in drosophila
homeotic genes in 2 complexes

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19
Q

Why are hox genes on multiple chromosomes?

A

Pseudo-backups

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20
Q

Homeotic genes into 2 complexes and expressed ___ –> ___ A–> P

A

3’ to 5’

Linear position on gene matches spatial expression in embryo

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21
Q

KO hox genes in mammals

A

loss of AP identity

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22
Q

Hindbrain

A

7 distinct rhomobomeres controlled by hox genes.

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23
Q

KO Hox A1

A

no abducens nerve

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24
Q

What controls hox expression?

A

Drosophila: transcriptional regulators set up regions of hox expression (gap genes)

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25
Q

4 factors control hox

A

RA, Pbx/exd, Hox genes themselves, and fourth on Krox20 we don’t talk about

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26
Q

Specificity of Hox genes for DNA binding increased by

A

pbx/meis

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27
Q

pbx/meis pair up with

A

hox genes/homeodomain proteins

help hox genes activate/suppress to get morphologically correct area

28
Q

KO pbx and meis

A

don’t get hox genes working

Expressed in right place, but can’t find target

KO pbx, giant r1

29
Q

Retinoic Acid

A

binds to receptors in cytoplasm

POSTERIOR
blocks anterior

interacts with RARE regulate Hox

RA= hindbrain

30
Q

What makes RA

A

mesoderm. Notochord sets up gradients

31
Q

Nieuwkoop put small pieces of ectodermal tissue on AP axis and on caudal neural place

A

AP axis- anterior
Caudal neural plate- posterior

Activator/Anterior/Neural: NCF

Transformer/Posterior: RA, Wnt, FGF

32
Q

A vs. P what is generally default

A

neural/anterior

33
Q

Neural inducers

34
Q

Anterior inducers

and what else are they?

A

Dkk, FrzB, Cerberus (activate NCF, inhibit BMP)

also wnt inhibitors

35
Q

Transformers

A

Wnt, RA, FGF, Bumblebee

36
Q

What happens if you have truncated BMP?

A

pseudo-wired 2nd head

37
Q

FGF

A

neural inducer and posterior genes in animal cap with BMP neural induction

38
Q

KO FGF8

A

lose cerebellum

39
Q

KO Wnt or engrail

A

lose midbrain

40
Q

Otx2

A

forebrain/midbrain ANTERIOR

41
Q

Gbx2

A

mid/hindbrain POSTERIOR

42
Q

___ genes create otx2/gbx2 border

A

Iroquois genes

43
Q

lose otx

A

ancephally, no brain

no r3 in mice

44
Q

gbx delete

A

no hindbrain

45
Q

Engrail (En1)

A

midbrain/hindbrain border

46
Q

Alvarado-Mallart’s chicks and quail

A

2x what you copy UNLESS put in another region.
Met in forebrain? Cerebellum AND Mes. Controls border function

Met: cerebellum
Mes midbrain

47
Q

Crossley: coated bead with FGF8 on anterior neural tube

A

repattern anterior –> midbrain/hindbrain

FGF8 organizes mid/hindbrain

48
Q

FGF8 important for

49
Q

Drosophila Gap genes/vertebrate homologs

A

Orthodenticle: neuromere 1
(homolog: otx1/2)
Empty spiracles: neuromere 2/3
(homolog: emx1 (A) /2 (P))

50
Q

Drosophila pair rule gene vertebrate homolog

51
Q

Drosophila segment polarity genes

A

Engrailed
Homolog V: en1/2

Wingless
Homolog: wnt1

52
Q

Pax genes are ____ genes with second ___ sequences

A

homeodomain gnees

pair box

53
Q

Pax 2 mutation

A

colobomas (hole in eye)

54
Q

No pax 2

A

ectopic stalk

55
Q

Pax 6 mutation

A

Partial no iris

complete no eyes

56
Q

shh KO

A

exencephaly brain outside skull,

holoprosencephaly- don’t get two hemispheres

57
Q

Holfreter: notochord, put new notochord by isolated dorsal

A

second floor plate/ventral portion appears

58
Q

Nussien-Volhard and Weischaus

A

Shh expressed in notochord, ventral

Isolate I region
default? dorsal genes
Add shh? Ventral genes

59
Q

Hindbrain boarder

60
Q

What is the most dorsal derivative of NT provides signals for dorsal differentiation

A

Neural crest

61
Q

Wnt or BMP added to neural plate

A

neural crest development

62
Q

BMP/Wnt are

A

Pro-dorsal (and posterior)

63
Q

What sets up rostral-lateral pole (front/motor)

64
Q

What sets us caudal medial pole (visual)

65
Q

FGFs

A

anterior telencephalon

Developmental Neurobiology 🧠 (11 decks)

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