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Developmental Neurobiology 🧠 > Exam 2: Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How do you know if neuron development is intrinsic or extrinsic factors?

A

Transplant in dish
If changes due to knew environment: extrinsic
No change: intrinsic

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2
Q

Elegans and Chalfie’s touch insensitive mutants. What is normal?

A

Q –> Q 1 A and Q1P

Q1P goes on to become touch cell and interneuron

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3
Q

Unc-86 Elegans mutant

A

Q’ instead of Q1P
This makes Q7’a and Q’’
No touch cells, no interneurons

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4
Q

Mec-3 Elegans mutant

A

Q –> Q1P
Interneurons, but no touch cells
Touch sensitive but don’t differentiate

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5
Q

Mec-7, 12, 17

A

Defective touch cell, touch insensitive

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6
Q

Huckebein is activated by ___ and inhibited by __-

A

activated: Wnt/shh
inhibited: engrailed/gooseberry

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7
Q

homobox genes: msh, ind, vnd follow

A

Dpp gradient D-V

msh: high Dpp concentration, most Dorsal

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8
Q

What are the differences between 1st and later GMCs?

A

Earlier: deep in CNS, long axons
Later: Short axons, on edge

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9
Q

Order neuroblasts send to mother cells:

Pdm, Krueppel, Hb, Castor

A

Hb -> KR -> Pdm –> Cas

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10
Q

Ko Hb

A

no hunchback, but others are ok

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11
Q

Ko Kr

A

Skip that step

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12
Q

Pdm too early

A

Skip Kr

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13
Q

Asymmetric cell division

A

1) Par complex apical side
2) Localized Numb
3) Inscruitible and PINS
4) LGL replaces Baz
5) Miranda traps prospero, which turns on GMC genes

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14
Q

Par complex made up of

A

1) Bazooka
2) Par-6
3) aPKC

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15
Q

Why does Numb need to go to GMC?

A

inhibits other pathways to let mother cells divide and make 2 neurons. If it stays, inhibits neuroblast division.

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16
Q

What does inscrutable and PINS do?

A

attract miotic spindle fibers that direction and orient division.

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17
Q

What phosphorylates Baz so it leaves?

A

Aurdura A

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18
Q

What phosphorylates LGL so it can replace Baz?

A

aPKC

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19
Q

Why does LGL replace Baz and Numb-phosphorylated?

A

Numb-P and has oriented spindles, but needs everything on GMC side.

Numb-P inhibits notch pathway

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20
Q

What traps prospero and what does prospero do?

A

Miranda

Prospero- turns on GMC genes

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21
Q

What inhibits Numb/Prospero on basal?

A

GMC

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22
Q

What pulls up phosphorylated Numb?

A

PON

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23
Q

Sp1 (SOP)–>

A

Sp2b- anterior (dominant)

Sp2a- posterior

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24
Q

Sp2b vs. Sp2a

A

Sp2b inhibits Sp2a by notch pathway

if ablated, Sp2a becomes Sp2b

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25
Q

Sp2a/b in notch mutant (KO notch)

A

2x Sp2B

26
Q

Sp2a/b in notch increase mutant

A

2x Sp2a

27
Q

Sp2b –>

A

Neuron and support cell

Neuron inhibits support cell by notch

28
Q

Sp2a –>

A

Socket and Shaft

Socket inhibits Shaft via notch

29
Q

What is Sp2b not effected by notch?

A

NUMB in Sp2B inhibits it.

30
Q

Sevenless Pathway

A

Boss - ligand
Sev- receptor

Boss –> Sev –> MapK (erk) –> Yan and Prkd –> R7 program.

31
Q

R7 in 7less path

A

UV sensitive, last to join/differentiate

Has the Sev receptor, needs BOSS ligand from R8

32
Q

Neural lineage in drosophilia is determined by

A 
lateral inhibition (notch/delta) 
neuronal fate = transcription factors
33
Q

Why asymmetric division?

A

Allow for functionally linked cells with identity

34
Q

Chicken and Quail transplant of cholinergic and adrenergic neurons

A

V: S7, Cholinergic (para)
T (low): S18, adrenergic neurons (sym)

If transplants to wrong area, respond to environment cues to become the other.

35
Q

Wnt (late)

A

Sensory

36
Q

BMP2/4 and CTGF beta 1-3

A

ANS

37
Q

Nrg-1

A

Schwann (glia)

38
Q

Nrg vs. Ngn

A

Nrg- neuregulin, secreted by neurons

Ngn- neurogenin, proneural

39
Q

BMPs in dorsal aorta (sym ganglia) –>

A

Mash1 and Phox26

40
Q

Mash 1

A

proneural bHLH transcription factor
creates neuron specific stuff

turns on neuron program, gets neurofilaments/microtubules you need to stabilize axons/dendrites

41
Q

Phox26 –>

A

TH- rate limited step in dopamine production

D-beta-H: makes NE

42
Q

Early Wnt

A

Sensory and BHLH/Nrgn2, needs early wnt to get here

43
Q

FGF

A

Neurites to come off.
Encourages microtubules
Encourages TH/DBH
Turns on NGF Receptor - Can’t Skip this step!

44
Q

Once FGF activates NGF, what does that do?

A

acts on NGFR, fully differentiate/survivor

sym neuron survival

45
Q

Fully differentiate neurons release ___ for next cells

A

Neurogenin

46
Q

Remove wnt in environment;

A

no sensory neurons, but you can make everything else respond to future signals even though you missed the first.

47
Q

Don’t control duration/location of signals:

A

wnt too big/long signal, more cells stuck and can’t migrate on, lose too many neurons, stuck in wnt cycle.

48
Q

If you culture Arota + neural crest OR BMP7 + neural crest, what happens?

A

Adrenergic neurons (NE)

49
Q

Rodent Feet: Hairy vs. Foot Pads

A

Hair- no sweat, NE

Foot Pad- sweat, acetyl

50
Q

How does foot pad work?

A

release NE, stop at target
Food pad releases CNT/LIF to change phenotype

acetyl program on: CAT (acetyltransferase)
NE program off (TH/DBH)

51
Q

Experiment with sweat glands on hairy skin and parotid gland tissue:

A

sweat glands: cholinergic
parotid: NE (adrenergic)
Matches transplant

52
Q

Nrg-1 makes glia by…

A

telling newcomers you’re too late: no more neurons. More Nrg-1= more likely glia. More neurons = more cells making it.

53
Q

Experiment: Crest cell ganglia treated with +Nrg-1 or delta

A

Mostly Glia, 10% neuron

54
Q

Experiment: crest cell ganglia, treated with -NRG-1 and +BMP2

A

Mostly Neuron, 80%

55
Q

Cortical Layer Experiment: Layer 6 –> Layer 321

A

Becomes 321

56
Q

Cortical Layer Experiment: Layer 321 –> Layer 6

A

Becomes, 321, too late to change, fate is becoming determined

57
Q

Cortical Layer Experiment: Layer 54 –> 321

A

Becomes 321

58
Q

Cortical Layer Experiment: Layer54 –> Layer 6

A

Becomes 54

59
Q

Lateral/Dorsal

A

Sensory

60
Q

Medial/Ventral

A

Motor

61
Q

___ and Ultimately ____ will turn on certain classes of homodomain genes which repress to one subdivison, new regions, newfactors, things slide around, add across board, see what you can make where.

A

BMP and ultimately RA

Developmental Neurobiology 🧠 (11 decks)

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