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Developmental Neurobiology 🧠 > Exam 1: Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Rearrangement of cells to germ layers (neural induction)

A

Gastrulation

Meso/endoderm moves inward

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2
Q

C elegant divisions

A

P0 —> AB

AB makes most hypodermics, NS and glia and neurons. Spreads over outside. Neurons from ventrolateral side.

Proliferation indent on VENTRAL side

P1 —> gonands/muscles, blastomeres migrate inward

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3
Q

Invertebrate NS

A

Ventral

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4
Q

Vertebrate NS

A

Dorsal

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5
Q

For drosophila, initial rounds of nuclear division

A

NOT accompanied by cell division, nuclei in syncytum up until right before gastrulation

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6
Q

What marks beginning of gastrulation?

A

Ventral furrow, where cells of future mesoderm fold in

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7
Q

Neurogenic region

A

Provides ventral nerve cord (CNS)

Procephalic NR gives rise to cerebral ganglia/brain in embryo anterior

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8
Q

Neurogenesis and delamination in drosophila

A

Cells enlarge and more inward

Delaminates: neuroblasts separaré from ectoderm

Divides make GMC, which generate pairs of neurons/glia

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9
Q

Animal half for frog compared to vegetal

A

Faster fusions, smaller cells

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10
Q

Frog stage 2: gastrulation

A

Blastula develops 3 layer organization

Cells on surface move to blastula center (inward)

Involuting cells - mesoderm tissue
Overlying ectoderm-neural tissue.

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11
Q

What is the point of initiation of gastrulation for frog?

A

Blastopore

Amphibian: first cells invaginate on DORSAL side

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12
Q

Involuting Marginal zone

A

Part of blastula embryo interior

Gives rise to mesoderm: muscle/bone

First to involute-head, last is tail

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13
Q

Neural crest

A

Arises at point of neural tube fusion

Gives neurons/glia for PNS

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14
Q

Neural tube closes

A

Rolls up, fuses at dorsal margins to make neural crest

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15
Q

Human gastrulation

Developing ____ cells migrate through ____ to reach interior

_______: above mesoderm, becomes neural palate/tube.

A

Initially symmetrical- identical blastomeres

Blastocyst after many divisions
Outside-placenta, inner-embryo

Developing mesodermal cells migrate through PRIMITIVE STREAK to reach interior

_ECTODERM: above mesoderm, becomes neural palate/tube.

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16
Q

Frog experiment:

Isolate pregastrula animal cap

Isolate gastrulating animal cap

Experiment 1

A

Pregastrula —> epidermis

Gastrula —-> neural tissue

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17
Q

Spemann/Mangold frog

(What is organizer?) experiment 2

A

Dorsal lip from 1 embryo to another

Pigment frog -donor

Result: 2nd body from host

Implies:
Grafted bastopore cells induce neural tissue
Mesodermal structures also contribute to twin embryo
DORSAL LIP = neural induced, organizer of body axis

18
Q

Nieuwkoop and inducer nature experiment #3

A

Isolate animal cap —> no mesoderm, no neural tissue

Isolate animal and vegetal caps —> mesoderm.

Hypothesis: signal from v induces mesoderm at animal junction

19
Q

Experiment #4- how do neural lineages arise?

Organizer at dorsal lip of mesoderm but what question remains?

A

Unclear if neural tissue from A cap induced by exogenous factor, OR factor first induced organizer and then neural tissue.

Results:

Indirect: A cap + meso inducer= neural and mesoderm

Direct: A cap + neural inducer —> neural only (no mesoderm)

20
Q

Harland’s neural inducing (experiment 5)

A

Uv frog: no dorsal axis, only ventral

Transplant dorsal Blastopore lip + UV = normal

Lithium: hyperdorsalized embryo

UV + extracted polyA mRNA from lithium embryo —> normal

cDNA (from organizer) + UV = normal

Noggin cDNA —> noggin protein and A cap —> neural genes

21
Q

Noggin

Chordin

Follistatin

A

Expressed in organizer during neural induction

All 3 inhibit BMP
N/C bind to BMP4
F binds to BMP7/activin

Pro-neural

Follistatin- from pituitary inhibits activin

22
Q

Melton and Follistatin: mRNA for truncated activin receptor reveals

A

If truncated receptor, neural tissue

If signal go through, A cap —> epidermis,

Activin: pro-epidermis, inhibits neural tissue.

23
Q

Animal cap: 3 conditions

1) intact
2) dissociated
3) dissociate + BMP4

A

1) epidermis
2) neurons
3) epidermis

Why? Removal of lateral inhibition (dissociate by removing ca2+ ions) = neural induction

However, BMP inhibits neural induction.

24
Q

What does antisense BMP result in?

A

Neural differentiation

25
Q

AB blastomere spreads over

A

External surface

26
Q

M, E, C, and D blastomeres migrate into

A

interior of embryo

27
Q

Blastomere

A

cells from early mitotic divisions that form blastula

28
Q

Blastula

A

Sphere of cells formed from early mitotic division

29
Q

Bastocoel

A

Fluid filled cavity

30
Q

Gastrulation

A

blastomeres change positions in relation to each other

Involuting Mesoderm
Overlying Ectoderm

31
Q

Blastopore

A

indent. Lip is leading edge where cells begin to migrate, cells above IMZ

32
Q

Neurogenic region is

A

neural plate

33
Q

BMP inhibited by

A

peptides in organizer region on mesoderm, which initiates induction

34
Q

Drosophila sog and dpp

A

sog- ventral, chordin
mutation= small neurogenic region

dpp- TGF-beta/BMP 4
mutation= large neurogenic region

35
Q

Why do we want more than 1 thing blocking BMP?

A

Because look at mic.

1x KO, still ok, but multiple is bad news

36
Q

What, in vertebrates, is the source of C/F to stop BMP4?

A

Mesoderm

37
Q

Why is lateral inhibition a invertebrate thing?

A

They don’t have the cells to spare, need only certain amount, but if neuroblast killed, neighbor will take it’s place

38
Q

Achaete-Scute

A

Pro neural genes

code for bHLH transcription factor which binds to E-boxes

39
Q

Proneural Ac-S mutant

A

no neuroblasts/neurons

40
Q

Neurogenic Mutant Ac-S

A

more neurons

41
Q

Notch receptors repress

A

Ac-S

Notch is anti-neural

42
Q

If you laser AFTER delamination of neuroblast

A

Doesn’t matter who has more delta or As-c, the battle doesn’t restart

Developmental Neurobiology 🧠 (11 decks)

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