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BIO 201 > FINAL ch 15 > Flashcards

FINAL ch 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Components of the fibrous tunic:

A
  1. Sclera (sklee-rah)

2. Cornea

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2
Q

Functions of the sclera:

A
  1. Helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.
  2. Protects the internal structures.
  3. Provides and attachment site for the muscles that move it.
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3
Q

The avascular, transparent structure that refracts light as it enters the eye is called the?

A

CORNEA

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4
Q

Components of the (middle) vascular tunic:

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Iris
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5
Q

Components of the (inner) nervous tunic:

A

Retina

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6
Q

This structure is contractile, consisting mainly of smooth muscle surrounding an opening called the pupil:

A

IRIS

The iris regulates the amount of light by controlling the size of the pupil.

It is the “colored” part of the eye.

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7
Q

This structure is transparent and biconvex, described as an “unusual biological structure”, with its greatest convexity on its posterior side… It focuses light:

A

LENS

Its anterior surface consists of a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells, its posterior region contains very long columnar epithelial cells called LENS FIBERS.

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8
Q

Converts light into action potentials:

A

RETINA

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9
Q

What does the term “choroid” mean?

A

Membrane

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10
Q

What 2 components make up the external ear?

A
  1. Auricle (ear)

2. External auditory canal

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11
Q

What is the name for “eardrum”?

A

TYMPANIC

MEMBRANE

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12
Q

What part of the ear is an air-filled space within the petrous portion of the temporal bone and contains the auditory ossicles (bones)?

A

MIDDLE
EAR

Begins just inside tympanic membrane.
Separated from the inner ear by the oval and round windows (which are membrane-covered openings).

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13
Q

This canal is lined with hairs and ceruminous glands:

A

External Auditory Canal

This ends at the tympanic membrane.

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14
Q

These modified eccrine sweat glands are found in the external auditory canal:

A

CERUMINOUS

GLANDS

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15
Q

What is the proper name for “earwax”?

A

CERUMEN (seh-roo-min)

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16
Q

What are the 3 ossicles of the ear?

A
  1. Malleus (mal-ee-us): hammer.
  2. Incus (ing-kus): anvil.
  3. Stapes (stay-peez): stirrup
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17
Q

What transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?

A

The OSSICLES (bones).

The handle of the malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) so when the tympanic membrane vibrates, it causes the the hammer to vibrate which causes the incus to vibrate (because the incus is attached by a tiny synovial joint to the head of the malleus) which leads to the stapes to vibrate (again attached by a synovial joint). The foot plate of the stapes rests on the oval window and is held in place by a flexible annular ligament.

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18
Q

What is cerumen made up of?

A
  1. Ceruminous secretions

2. Sebaceous secretions

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19
Q

What membrane does the cerumen help protect?

A

Tympanic membrane.

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20
Q

What thin membrane is composed of 2 layers of epithelium with connective tissue in between?

A

Tympanic membrane.

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21
Q

What cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate?

A

Sound waves.

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22
Q

What is the “border” between the external and middle ear?

A

The tympanic membrane.

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23
Q

Which part of the ear is only used for hearing and ends at the tympanic membrane?

A

External ear.

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24
Q

Which part of the ear is only used for hearing and contains the auditory ossicles?

A

Middle ear.

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25
Q

Which part of the ear is used for hearing as well as balance and is composed of interconnected fluid-filled tunnels and chambers within the temporal bone?

A

Inner ear.

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26
Q

What is another word for auricle?

A

PINNA

27
Q

How many air passages are in the inner ear?

A

2

  1. Auditory or eustachian tube: this opens into the pharynx, helping relieve pressure (when swallowing/yawning)
  2. Passage to mastoid air cells in mastoid process of temporal bone.
28
Q

What ligament holds the foot of the stapes in place on the oval window?

A

ANNULAR

LIGAMENT

29
Q

Which 2 small skeletal muscles originate from bone around the middle ear and insert onto the auditory ossicles?

A
  1. TENSOR TYMPANI: attached to the malleus and is innervated by the trigeminal nerve (V).
  2. STAPEDIUS: attached to the stapes and is innervated by the facial nerve (VII).

These help modulate volume.

30
Q

What are the chambers in the inner ear, located inside the temporal bone called?

A

BONY
LABYRINTH

This is lined with endosteum.

31
Q

We categorize senses as being “special” senses when they involve specialized receptors that are often in specialized structures.

A 
Olfaction (smell)
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Balance
32
Q

What do we call the cells that make up the lining between the bony and membranous labyrinths?

A

PERILYMPHATIC
CELLS

These secrete PERILYMPH into the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths.

33
Q

This is composed of tunnels and chambers within the bony labyrinth:

A

MEMBRANOUS
LABYRINTH

This contains ENDOLYMPH.

The membranous labyrinth is composed of:
Cochlea: hearing organ
Vestibule: for balance
Semicircular canals: also for balance

34
Q

The term that describes the greatest distance through which an object can be moved and still remain in focus is?

A

“Depth of focus”.

35
Q

What are the olfactory vesicles?

A

Modified dendritic ends of the olfactory neurons, they are bulbous enlargements which posses cilia, called olfactory hairs, which lie in a thin mucous film on the epithelial surface.

36
Q

What are the primary classes of smells?

A
  1. Camphoraceous (mothballs)
  2. Musky
  3. Floral
  4. Pepperminty
  5. Ethereal (fresh pears)
  6. Pungent
  7. Putrid

However, some other studies say there are 50 primary odors.

37
Q

The process of changing the shape of the lens in order to focus an object onto the retina is referred to as:

A

ACCOMMODATION

38
Q

This structure contains sensory organs that convert sound waves into nerve impulses:

A

COCHLEA

39
Q

This structure contains sensory organs that detect motion:

A

SEMICIRCULAR

CANALS

40
Q

Contraction of the ciliary muscles will cause the lens to…

A

become more spherical.

41
Q

Binocular vision allows for?

A

Depth perception.

42
Q

The visual field of each eye can be divided into what and what parts?

A

TEMPORAL (lateral) and NASAL (medial)

43
Q

Part of the cochlea above the spiral lamina and the vestibular membrane:

A

SCALA
VESTIBULI

Is a space filled with perilymph between the walls of the bony and membranous labyrinths.

44
Q

Part of the cochlea below the spiral lamina and the basilar membrane:

A

SCALA
TYMPANI

Is a space filled with perilymph between the walls of the bony and membranous labyrinths.

45
Q

Part of the cochlea between the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane:

A

COCHLEAR
DUCT

Is filled with endolymph.

46
Q

A clear fluid filling the membranous labyrinth:

A

ENDOLYMPH

Has a high concentration of K+ and a low concentration of Na+, which is opposite from the composition of perilymph and CSF.

47
Q

A fluid that fills the space between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth:

A

PERILYMPH

Is very similar to cerebrospinal fluid.

48
Q

The optic chiasm forms as a result of crossing of the:

A

Optic nerves.

49
Q

Color vision and vision acuity are the functions of ? cells?

A

CONE cells.

50
Q

What are bipolar photoreceptor cells that are involved in non-color vision?

A

RODS

They are responsible for vision under low light.

51
Q

The structure that separates the scala tympani of the inner ear from the middle ear is the?

A

Round window.

52
Q

What do we call the defect that occurs when circulation to the aqueous humor is inhibited?

A

GLAUCOMA.

Characterized by an abnormal increase in intraocular pressure.

53
Q

What do we call the membranous tunnel within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

A

MEMBRANOUS

LABYRINTH

54
Q

When you leave a darkened room into the sunlight, your eyes undergo several changes. This is known as?

A

LIGHT AND
DARK
ADAPTATION

55
Q

The area vision for each eye is called the?

A

VISUAL

FIELD

56
Q

What is the name of the labyrinth that the utricle and saccule of the vestibule make up?

A

STATIC
LABYRINTH

Evaluates the position of the head relative to gravity and detects linear acceleration and deceleration (as in a car).

57
Q

3 mechanisms that allow the eye to focus on an object less than 20 feet away:

A

1) Accommodation by the lens: when looking at something up close it is more spherical in shape.
2) Pupil constriction: the smaller the pupil the greater the depth of focus is greater.
3) Convergence: the medial rotation of the eyes as an object gets closer.

58
Q

The jelly-like substance found in the largest chamber of the eye is called?

A

VITREOUS

HUMOR

59
Q

Components for the neural pathway for balance:

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve
Thalamus
Vestibular nucleus

60
Q

The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens is referred to as the ? point?

A

FOCAL point.

61
Q

This layer of the retina enhances visual acuity by absorbing excess light, preventing its scattering:

A

PIGMENTED layer of the retina.

62
Q

This layer of the retina converts light into action potentials:

A

NEURAL layer of the retina.

63
Q

During near vision, the lens is ?, and during distant vision, the lens is ??

A

Near vision = rounded

Distant vision = flattened

BIO 201 (11 decks)

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