Chapter 4 Flashcards
Why are the ECTODERM, MESODERM and ENDODERM called germ layers?
Because the beginning (germination) of all adult structures can be traced back to one of them and they give rise to all the tissues of the body.
This type of tissue covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
EPITHELIAL tissue
What are the most common characteristics of epithelial tissue?
- Mostly composed of cells. Very little ECM in between.
- Covers body surfaces. (Inside and outside)
- Distinct cell surfaces.
ECM = ExtraCellular Matrix
Which class of epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface?
SIMPLE epithelium
Which class of epithelial tissue consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane.
STRATIFIED epithelium
Which class of epithelial tissue is a special type of simple epithelium?
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED epithelium
“pseudo-“ meaning “false.” It consists of one layer of cells that are of different lengths, but all are attached to the basement membrane.
Which cell type is flat or scale-like?
SQUAMOUS
Which type of cell is taller than it is wide?
COLUMNAR
Which type of cell is cube-shaped?
CUBOIDAL
What is the free surface of the epithelial layer called?
APICAL
What are secretory organs called?
GLANDS
Many are composed primarily of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue.
Glands with ducts are called?
EXOCRINE ducts
Most exocrine glands are called multicellular glands. But some (goblet cell) are unicellular glands.
Glands without ducts are called?
ENDOCRINE ducts.
They have become separated from the epithelium of their origin.
They have extensive blood vessels.
What are the cellular products of endocrine glands called?
HORMONES
What do goblet cells secrete?
MUCUS
What type of epithelium forms glands and lines most kidney tubules?
Simple Cuboidal.
What type of epithelium would be found in the serous membrane of the viscera, in the inner lining of the heart and blood vessels, and in the air sacs of the lungs?
Simple Squamous.
What type of epithelium would be found in the auditory tubes as well as the respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to the bronchi?
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium.
What type of epithelium is found where abrasions can occur, such as skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, anus and vagina?
Stratified Squamous
What are the shapes of the cells that secrete or absorb?
Usually cuboidal or columnar.
What type of epithelium would be found lining the stomach, intestines, gall bladder, uterus and uterine tubes?
Simple columnar.
Mucus-secreting unicellular exocrine glands found in nonsecretory epithelium are examples of what kind of cells?
Goblet.
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissues?
- 2.
3.
What kind of glands can be classified according to the structure of their ducts and secretory regions?
Multicellular glands.
Glands with a single duct are classified as?
Simple
Glands with ducts that branch are called?
Compound
Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules are called?
Tubular
Can be straight or coiled.
Glands with secretory regions shaped like sacs are called?
ACINAR (or alveolar)
If there’s a combined form with tubular, it is called tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar.
If multiple acinar or tubular secretory regions (not ducts) are branched off a single duct, the gland is called?
Branched.
Functions of CONNECTIVE tissue:
- Enclosing and separating other tissues.
- Connecting tissues to one another
- Supporting and moving parts of the body
- Storing compounds
- Cushioning and insulating
- Transporting
- Protecting
Areolar tissue is what type of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
What are the 3 types of adult connective tissue?
- Connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
- Supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone)
- Fluid connective tissue (blood)
Tendons and ligaments are comprised of what type of connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Cells that form fibrous connective tissue.
Fibrocytes
Maintain the fibrous connective tissue.
Chondroblasts
Form cartilage.
chondro-, “cartilage”
Osteoblasts
Form bone.
osteo-, “bone”
Osteocytes
Maintain bone.
Adipocytes
Adipose cells.
They contain large amounts of lipid. They are rare in some types of connective tissue, such as cartilage, and abundant in others, such as loos connective tissue.
Chondrocytes
Maintain cartilage.
Osteoclasts
Break down bone.
-blasts:
Create matrix
-cytes:
Maintain the matrix
-clasts:
Break down the matrix for recycling.
-clast, “break down”
What type of tissue is comprised of widely spaced cells and abundant extracellular matrix?
Connective tissue.
What are the functions of macrophages?
- Alert immune system when they encounter antigens
- Engulf foreign particles
- Destroy dead or dying self cells
What membrane consists of these 3 components: a layer of simple squamous epithelium (MESOTHELIUM), its basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue?
SEROUS MEMBRANE
These membranes line cavities, such as the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities, that do not open to the exterior.
What membrane is made up of only connective tissue?
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
They consist of modified connective tissue cells, either intermixed with part of the dense connective tissue of the joint capsule or separated from the capsule by areolar or adipose tissue.
They line freely movable joints and produce synovial fluid.
What membrane consists of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, a thick layer of loose connective tissue (LAMINA PROPRIA), and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle cells?
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
They line cavities and canals that open to the outside of body, such as the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive passages.
What are the functions of the AREOLAR tissue?
- Allow passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues
- Provide and arena for immune defense
- Binding of epithelia to deeper tissues
Support and binding tissues together are examples of functions for what type of tissue?
Connective
What are the types of supportive connective tissue?
Cartilage and Bone
Which protein fiber has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed?
ELASTIN
What are the 3 components of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX?
- Protein fibers
- Ground substance: consisting of nonfibrous protein and other molecules
- Fluid
Within nervous tissue, a variety of cell types that, as a group, protect and assist the neurons are called?
NEUROGLIA
They are the support cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
They nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
These cells continue to divide throughout life:
LABILE cells
They include adult stem cells and other cells of the skin, mucous membranes, and hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues.
Damage to these cells can be repaired completely by regeneration.
These cells do not divide after growth ceases, but they retain the ability to divide and are capable of regeneration in response to injury:
STABLE cells
Such as those of connective tissues and glands, including the liver, pancreas, and endocrine glands.
These cells have a very limited ability to replicate and, if killed, are usually replaced by a different type of cell:
PERMANENT cells
Some P.C.’s, such as neurons, are postmitotic. If damaged, neurons may recover if the cell body is not destroyed; however, if the neuron cell body is destroyed, the remainder of the neuron dies.
