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BIO 201 > FINAL ch 12 > Flashcards

FINAL ch 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

The major link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. It’s responsible for integrating some reflexes as well:

A

SPINAL CORD

Extends from the foramen magnum to the second lumbar vertebra.

It is segmented:
`Cervical
`Thoracic
`Lumbar
`Sacral
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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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3
Q

What enlargement of the spinal cord supplies the upper limbs?

A

CERVICAL

ENLARGEMENT

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4
Q

What enlargement of the spinal cord supplies the lower limbs?

A

LUMBOSACRAL

ENLARGEMENT

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5
Q

What is the CONUS MEDULLARIS?

A

The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord.

This is immediately inferior to the lumbosacral enlargement.

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6
Q

What do we call the origins of the spinal nerves extending inferiorly from the lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris?

A

CAUDA (tail)

EQUINA (horse)

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7
Q

What do we call the connective tissue membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain?

A

MENINGES

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8
Q

This layer of meninges is the most superficial, thickest, and is continuous with the epineurium of the spinal nerves:

A

DURA MATER (tough mother)

It forms a sac, often called the THECAL SAC, which surrounds the spinal cord. The sac attaches to the rim of the foramen magnum and ends at the level of the second sacral vertebra.

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9
Q

This meningeal layer is thin and wispy, and is deep to the dura mater:

A

ARACHNOID MATER (spiderlike cobwebs)

The space between this membrane and the dura mater is the SUBDURAL SPACE and contains only a very small amount of SEROUS fluid.

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10
Q

The deepest meningeal layer. It is bound tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, and forms the FILUM TERMINALE and DENTICULATE LIGAMENTS:

A

PIA MATER (pie-yah) (affectionate)

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11
Q

A connective tissue strand that anchors the conus medullaris and the thecal sac to the first coccygeal vertebra, limiting their superior movement:

A

FILUM

TERMINALE

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12
Q

Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the ? which contains weblike strands of the arachnoid mater, blood vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid:

A

SUBARACHNOID SPACE

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13
Q

Connective tissue septa extending form the lateral sides of the spinal cord to the dura mater:

A

DENTICULATE
LIGAMENTS

The denticulate (small teeth) ligaments attach to the dura mater by toothlike processes between the exits of the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves.

The denticulate ligaments limit the lateral movement of the spinal cord.

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14
Q

This “space” contains nerve roots, blood vessels, areolar connecive tissue and fat. Anesthesia is injected here…

A

EPIDURAL space.

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15
Q

This “space” has a small amount of serous fluid in it:

A

SUBDURAL space.

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16
Q

This “space” has cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue:

A

SUBARACHNOID space.

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17
Q

What are the 2 deep clefts partially separating the 2 halves of the spinal cord called?

A
  1. ANTERIOR
    MEDIAN
    FISSURE (the visible “line” leading from the gray matter heading toward the naval-side)
  2. POSTERIOR
    MEDIAN
    SULCUS (the visible “line” and “bump” leading from the gray matter heading toward the back of the back)

These seemingly divide the vertebral column into 2 equal halves.

18
Q

What are the 3 columns, or FUNICULI, that each half of the white matter of the spinal cord is organized into?

A
  1. VENTRAL column (anterior)
  2. DORSAL column (posterior)
  3. LATERAL column (side)

Each of these columns is subdivided into TRACTS (FASICULI or PATHWAYS)

19
Q

A collection of axons INSIDE the CNS is called a ?

A

TRACT

Tracts have different myelination that nerves and lack the extensive connective tissue of nerves. Individual axons ascending to the brain or descending from the brain are usually grouped together within TRACTS. Axons within a given tract carry basically the same type of information. Ex: one ascending tract carries action potentials related to pain and temperature sensations, whereas another carries action potentials related to light touch.

20
Q

A collection of axons OUTSIDE the CNS is called a ?

A

NERVE

21
Q

The central gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into HORNS. What are the names they are divided into?

A
  1. Posterior (dorsal) horn: thin
  2. Anterior (ventral) horn: larger
  3. Lateral (associated with the ANS): small
22
Q

What are the connections between the left and the right halves of the spinal cord called?

A

COMMISSURES

The gray and white commissures contain axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

23
Q

This is located in the center of the gray commissure and helps circulate CSF associated with the ventricular system:

A

CENTRAL CANAL

24
Q

Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as “rootlets” and then combine to form these:

A

ROOTS

The DORSAL (posterior) root has a GANGLION (swelling).
The VENTRAL (anterior) root doesn't. 
The 2 roots merge laterally and form the spinal nerve.
25
Q

These have collections of cell bodies of the unipolar sensory neurons forming the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves:

A

DORSAL
ROOT
GANGLION

The axons do not synapse in the dorsal root ganglion but pass through the root into the posterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter. The axons either synapse with interneurons in the posterior horn or pass into the white matter and ascend in the spinal cord.

26
Q

Where are the motor neuron cell bodies located in the spinal cord?

A

The Anterior and Lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter.

Multipolar somatic motor neurons are in the anterior horn.
Autonomic neurons are in the lateral horn.

Axons of the motor neurons form ventral roots and pass into spinal nerves.

27
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

A

REFLEX ARC

It’s the reflex arc because it is the simplest portion capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response

28
Q

What are the 5 basic components of a reflex arc?

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. interneuron
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector organ, which responds w/a reflex action

The simplest reflex arcs do not involve interneurons.

29
Q

What do we call reflexes that don’t have any interneurons?

A

MONOSYNAPTIC reflex.

Ex: Stretch reflex is monosynaptic.

30
Q

Variety of reflexes…

A

Some integrate within the spinal cord, some within the brain.

Some involve excitatory neurons yielding a response, some involve inhibitory neurons that prevent an action.

Some have higher brain center influences, such as suppression or exaggeration of reflex responses.

31
Q

What do muscles do in response to a stretching force applied to them?

A

They contract. This is a STRETCH reflex.

32
Q

What do we call encapsulated specialized muscle fibers with noncontractile centers?

A

MUSCLE
SPINDLES

These are the sensory receptors of the stretch reflex. Each spindle consists of 3-10 small, specialized skeletal muscle fibers. The fibers are contractile only at their ends and are innervated by specific motor neurons called GAMMA motor neurons.

33
Q

These neurons originate from the spinal cord and control the sensitivity of the muscle spindle cells:

A

GAMMA
MOTOR
NEURONS

The term “gamma” refers to motor neurons with small-diameter axons.

Additional sensory neurons wrap around the noncontractile centers of the muscle spindle cells.

These sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons of the spinal cord called ALPHA motor neurons.

34
Q

What is the name of the motor neurons that the axons of the sensory neurons synapse with in the spinal cord?

A

ALPHA
MOTOR
NEURONS

These neurons innervate the muscle (effector organ) in which contains the muscle spindle.

Alpha neurons have the largest diameter of axons.

35
Q

Sudden muscle stretch results in…

A
  1. Muscle spindles detect stretch of the muscle.
  2. Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.
  3. Sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons.
  4. Alpha motor neurons conduct action potentials to the muscle, causing it to contract and resist being stretched.
36
Q

What prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons?

A

GOLGI
TENDON
REFLEX

37
Q

What are the encapsulated nerve endings that have at their ends numerous branches with small swellings adjacent to bundles of collagen fibers in tendons?

A

GOLGI
TENDON
ORGANS

These are located near the muscle-tendon junction. As a muscle contracts, the attached tendons stretch, resulting in increased tension in the tendon. The increased tension stimulates action potentials in the sensory neurons from the Golgi tendon organs. Golgi tendon organs have a high threshold and are sensitive only to intense stretch.

These prevent damage to tendons that could b caused by excessive tension.

They produce a sudden relaxation of the muscles.

38
Q

This reflex’s function is to remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus:

A

WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX

There is reciprocal innervation: a phenomenon that reinforces the efficiency of the withdrawal reflex.
(Reciprocal innervation is also involved in the stretch reflex)
It causes relaxation (inhibition) of extensor muscle when flexor muscle contracts.

39
Q

What do we call the phenomenon that reinforces the efficiency of the withdrawal reflex? It causes relaxation of extensor muscles when flexor muscles contract:

A

RECIPROCAL

INNERVATION

40
Q

What is another reflex associated with the withdrawal reflex… it initiates extension of the opposite lower limb of the limb experiencing the withdrawal reflex?

A

CROSSED
EXTENSOR
REFLEX

This helps prevent falls by shifting the weight of the body from the affected to the unaffected limb.

BIO 201 (11 decks)

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