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BIO 201 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Strong bands of connective tissue that connect skeletal muscles to bones:

A

TENDONS

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2
Q

Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach bones to bones:

A

LIGAMENTS

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3
Q

Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells called? that produce a matrix surrounding themselves:

A

CHONDROBLASTS

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4
Q

When matrix surrounds a chondroblast, what does it become?

A

a CHONDROCYTE

A rounded cell that occupies a space called a lacuna within the matrix.

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5
Q

A rounded cell that occupies a space is called a:

A

LACUNA

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6
Q

A double-layered connective tissue sheath covering most cartilage:

A

PERICHONDRIUM

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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves:

A

ARTICULAR

CARTILAGE

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8
Q

Cartilage grows in 2 ways, in this way the perichondrium adds new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage:

A

APPOSITIONAL
GROWTH

The chondroblasts lay down new matrix and add new chondrocytes to the outside of the tissue.

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9
Q

The second way cartilage grows is when chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the existing cells, it is called:

A

INTERSTITIAL GROWTH

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10
Q

A calcium phosphate crystal that makes up most of the inorganic material found in mature bone:

A

HYDROXYAPATITE

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11
Q

Bone-forming cells which have extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes:

A

OSTEOBLASTS

They produce collagen and proteoglycans, which are packaged into vesicles by the Golgi appartus and released from the cell by exocytosis.

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12
Q

These are released by osteoblasts and are membrane-bound sacs formed when the plasma membrane buds, or protudes outward, and pinches off:

A

MATRIX VESICLES

The matrix vesicles concentrate minerals and form needlelike hydroxyapatite crystals. When these crystals are released from the matrix vesicles, they act as templates which stimulate further hydroxyapatite formations and mineralization of the matrix.

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13
Q

Aka osteogenesis, it’s the formation of bone by osteoblasts:

A

OSSIFICATION

This occurs by appositional growth on the surface of previously existing bone or cartilage.

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14
Q

Once an osteoblast becomes surrounded by bone matrix, it’s referred to as an:

A

OSTEOCYTE

They become relatively inactive, but it’s possible for them to produce the componenets needed to maintain the bone matrix.

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15
Q

The spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies are called:

A

LACUNAE

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16
Q

The spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell processes are called:

A

CANALICULI

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17
Q

Bone-destroying cells:

A

OSTEOCLASTS

These cells perform reabsorption, or breakdown, of bone that mobilizes crucial ions for use in many metabolic processes.

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18
Q

The osteoclast cell membrane then further differentiates into a highly folded form called the:

A

RUFFLED BORDER

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19
Q

Connective tissue develops embryologically from mesenchymal cells, some of these become this type of cell which can replicate and give rise to more specialized cell types:

A

STEM CELLS

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20
Q

These stem cells can become osteoblasts or chondroblasts:

A

OSTEOCHONDRAL
PROGENITOR
CELLS

They are located in the inner layer of the perichondrium and in layers of connective tissue that cover bone.

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21
Q

In this kind of bone tissue, the collagen fibers are randomly oriented in many directions within the bone matrix:

A

WOVEN BONE

It is the first formed during fetal development or during the repair of a fracture.

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22
Q

The process of removing old bone and adding new bone is called:

A

BONE
REMODELING

Woven bone is remodeled to form lamellar bone.

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23
Q

Mature bone that is organized into thin sheets or layers approximately 3-7 micrometers thick:

A

LAMELLAR

BONE

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24
Q

Thin sheet or layer of bone:

A

LAMELLAE

In general, the collagen fibers of one lamella lie parallel to one another, but at an angle to the collagen fibers in the adjacent lamellae. Osteocytes, within their lacunae, are arranged in layers sandwiched between lamellae.

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25
Q

Consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae:

A

SPONGY BONE

Between the trabeculae are spaces, which in life are filled with bone marrow and blood vessels.

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26
Q

Interconnecting rods or plates of bone in the spongy bone:

A

TRABECULAE

Most are thin and consist of several lamellae with osteocytes located in lacunae between the lamellae.

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27
Q

Bone that is denser and has fewer spaces than cancellous bone:

A

COMPACT BONE

Blood vessels enter the substance of the bone itself, and the lamellae of compact bone are primarily oriented around those blood vessels.

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28
Q

Vessels that run parallel to the long axis of the bone are contained within:

A

CENTRAL
CANALS

They are lined with endosteum and contain blood vessels, nerves, and loos connective tissue.

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29
Q

.

A

CONCENTRIC

LAMELLAE

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30
Q

.

A

OSTEON

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31
Q

.

A

CIRCUMFERENTIAL

LAMELLAE

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32
Q

..

A

INTERSTITIAL

LAMELLAE

33
Q

.

A

PERFORATING

CANALS

34
Q

.

A

LONG BONES

35
Q

.

A

FLAT BONES

36
Q

.

A

SHORT BONES

37
Q

.

A

IRREGULAR BONES

38
Q

Shaft of a long bone:

A

DIAPHYSIS

39
Q

.

A

ARTICULAR

CARTILAGE

40
Q

Portion of a bone developed from a secondary ossification center and separated from the remainder of the bone by the epiphyseal plate:

A

EPIPHYSIS

41
Q

Site at which bone growth in length occurs; located between the epphysis and diaphysis of a long bone; area of hyaline cartilage where cartilage growth is followed by endochondral ossification:

A

EPIPHYSEAL
PLATE

aka metaphysis or growth plate

42
Q

Dense plate of bone in a bone that is no longer growing, indicating the former site of the epiphyseal plate:

A

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

43
Q

.

A

MEDULLARY

CAVITY

44
Q

.

A

RED

MARROW

45
Q

..

A

YELLOW

MARROW

46
Q

.

A

PERIOSTEUM

47
Q

.

A

PERFORATING

FIBERS

48
Q

Membranous lining of the medullary cavity and the cavities of spongy bone:

A

ENDOSTEUM

49
Q

.

A

SINUSES

50
Q

.

A

INTRAMEMBRANOUS

OSSIFICATION

51
Q

.

A

ENDOCHONDRAL

OSSIFICATION

52
Q

.

A

CENTERS OF

OSSIFICATION

53
Q

.

A

FONTANELS

54
Q

.

A

CARTILAGE

MODEL

55
Q

.

A

BONE

COLLAR

56
Q

.

A

HYPERTROPHY

57
Q

.

A

CALCIFIED

CARTILAGE

58
Q

.

A

PRIMARY
OSSIFICATION
CENTER

59
Q

.

A

SECONDARY
OSSIFICATION
CENTER

60
Q

.

A

ZONE OF
RESTING
CARTILAGE

61
Q

.

A

ZONE OF

PROLIFERATION

62
Q

.

A

ZONE OF

HYPERTROPHY

63
Q

.

A

ZONE OF

CALCIFICATION

64
Q

.

A

VITAMIN D

65
Q

.

A

RICKETS

66
Q

.

A

OSTEOMALACIA

67
Q

.

A

VITAMIN C

68
Q

.

A

SCURVY

69
Q

.

A

GROWTH

HORMONE

70
Q

.

A

THYROID

HORMONE

71
Q

.

A

SEX

HORMONES

72
Q

.

A

BONE

REMODELING

73
Q

.

A

BASIC
MULTI-
CELLULAR
UNIT (BMU)

74
Q

4 major steps of bone repair:

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Callus formation
  3. Callus ossification
  4. Bone remodeling
75
Q

.

A

PARATHYROID
HORMONE
(PTH)

76
Q

.

A 
RECEPTOR
ACTIVATOR OF
NUCLEAR FACTOR
kappaB LIGAND
(RANKL)
77
Q

.

A

RECEPTOR
ACTIVATOR OF
NUCLEAR FACTOR
kappaB (RANK)

78
Q

.

A

OSTEOPROTEGERIN

OPG

79
Q

Hormone released from parafollicular cells that acts on tissues to cause a decrease in blood levels of calcium ions:

A

CALCITONIN

BIO 201 (11 decks)

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