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BIO 201 > Chapter 11 - Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Nervous Tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The cone-shaped area of the neuron cell body where the axon arises from is called?

A

AXON HILLOCK

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2
Q

The beginning of the axon is called?

A

INITIAL SEGMENT

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3
Q

Action potentials are generated at the?

A

TRIGGER ZONE

This consists of the axon hillock and the part of the axon nearest the cell body.

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4
Q

An axon can remain as a single structure or can branch to form these:

A

COLLATERAL AXONS

which are side branches

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5
Q

The cytoplasm of an axon is sometimes called?

A

AXOPLASM

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6
Q

The plasma membrane of an axon is called?

A

AXOLEMMA

lemma means “husk”

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7
Q

FYI
1. Action potentials conducted along the axon to the presynaptic terminal.

  1. This stimulates exocytosis of the neurotransmitters from their vesicles in to the synapse.
  2. Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft to stimulate or inhibit the post-synaptic cell.
A

.

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8
Q

Maintaining homeostasis, receiving sensory input, and integrating information are two functions of the Nervous system. Name 2 more:

A
  1. Controlling muscles and glands.

2. Establishing and maintaining mental activity: consciousness, thinking, memory, emotion.

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9
Q

What are the two main divisions of the Nervous System?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord.

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): sensory receptors and nerves.

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10
Q

What is another way of saying sensory division sending signals to the brain?

A

AFFERENT

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11
Q

What is another way of saying motor division sending signals from the brain to the body?

A

EFFERENT

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12
Q

What do you call a bundle of axons and their sheaths that connect CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands?

A

NERVE

Cranial nerve originates from the brain; 12 pairs
Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord, 31 pairs.

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13
Q

What do you call a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS?

A

GANGLION

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14
Q

What do you call an extensive network of axons, and sometimes neuron cell bodies, or nerves, located outside the CNS?

A

PLEXUS

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15
Q

What 2 divisions is the peripheral nervous system divided in to?

A
  1. Sensory, or AFFERENT. This transmits action potentials TO the CNS.
  2. Motor, or EFFERENT. This transmits action potentials AWAY from the CNS to muscles or glands (EFFECTORS).
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16
Q

What 2 subdivisions is the motor (efferent) side divided in to?

A
  1. AUTONOMIC (ANS). Involuntary. Unconscious control of smooth, and cardiac muscle, as well as secretion by glands.
  2. SOMATIC (SNS). Voluntary. Allows conscious control of skeletal muscles. The cell bodies are located in CNS.
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17
Q

How many neurons are involved in somatic nervous system?

A

It’s a single neuron system… simple… no interneurons.

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18
Q

How many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system?

A

It’s a 2 neuron system… CNS to ganglion, ganglion to effector.

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19
Q

What two sub-sub-divisions does the ANS spit in to?

A
  1. SYMPATHETIC. fight or flight. prepares for physical activity. (our bodies “sympathize” with what we are trying to accomplish/deal with.)
  2. PARASYMPATHETIC. rest and digest. regulates resting or vegetative function such as digesting food or emptying of the bladder.
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20
Q

What does the ENTERIC nervous system consist of and do?

A

Plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract. A unique feature of enteric neurons is that they monitor and control the digestive tract independently of the CNS through local reflexes. The CNS can override functions via parasympathetic and sympathetic actions.

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21
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

Neurons.

They receive stimuli and transmit action potentials.
Their job is to conduct nerve impulses.

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22
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron called?

A

SOMA

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23
Q

What part of the neuron receives input?

A

DENDRITES

dendrite = “tree”

24
Q

What part of the neuron sends output?

A

AXON

axis = one

25
Q

What are the cells that support the neurons called?

A

NEUROGLIA or GLIAL cells.

They nourish and support neurons.
Some form myelin sheaths.

neuroglia = “nerve glue”

26
Q

What do we call the organelle within the soma that is the primary site of protein synthesis?

A

Nissl bodies. = rough E.R.

Receive some synapses here.

27
Q

What part of the nervous system contains the most unmyelinated neurons?

A

Central Nervous System

28
Q

Little protuberance where axons synapse with dendrites:

A

DENDRITIC SPINES

29
Q

Do presynaptic terminals contain synaptic vesicles?

A

Yes.

30
Q

What is it called when there is movement of substances from the cell body toward the terminals and from the terminals to the cell body?

A

AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT

This is how the neuron receives supply for growth, repair, renewal. It can also move cytoskeletal proteins, and organelles away form the cell body toward axon terminals.

How it brings growth factors and other signaling molecules to the cell body. Bad side: this is how rabies and herpes virus can enter axons in damaged skin and be transported to the CNS.

31
Q

What are the functional classifications of the different types of neurons?

A
  1. SENSORY (afferent): action potentials toward CNS
  2. MOTOR (efferent): action potentials away from CNS
  3. INTERNEURONS (association neurons): within CNS. Action potentials from one neuron to another, ex: sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron.
32
Q

What are the structural classifications of the different types of neurons?

A
  1. MULTIPOLAR: most neurons in the CNS; motor neurons. Multiple dendrites.
  2. BIPOLAR: the sensory neurons; in retina of the eye and nose. Has one dendrite.
  3. UNIPOLAR: single axon process that divides into 2 branches. The part that extends to the periphery has dendrite-like sensory receptors (but not dendrite because not off of the soma).
33
Q

This type of neurolgia helps regulate cerebrospinal fluid composition, aids in response to CNS tissue damage, and releases chemicals that promote synapse development:

A

ASTROCYTE (in CNS)

They have a lot of microfilaments to form supportive framework.

Their FOOT PROCESSES cover the surfaces of neurons and blood vessels and the pia mater (membrane covering CNS).

The regulation of the CSF includes production of chemicals that promote tight junctions to form BBB.

34
Q

This tight junction of endothelial cells protects neurons from toxic substances, allows the exchange of nutrients and waste between neurons and the blood, prevents fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain…

A

Blood Brain Barrrier (BBB)

35
Q

What is it called when the astrocytes wall off an injury site, and limiting the spread of inflammation?

A

REACTIVE ASTROCYTOSIS.

This can also promote scar formation.

36
Q

These types of cells line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal:

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS (in CNS)

Specialized versions of ependymal form choroid plexuses.

37
Q

Within certain regions of the ventricles, cells here secrete CSF:

A

CHOROID PLEXUS

Free surface frequently have cilia to help move fluid through the cavities of the brain. They have long processes on their basal surface that extend within the brain tissue. They may have astrocyte-like functions.

38
Q

These neuroglia are specialized (for CNS) macrophages (phagocytic WBC), they respond to inflammation, they phagocytize necrotic tissue/microorganisms/foreign substances that invade the CNS:

A

MICROGLIA (in CNS)

Looks very similar to a neuron, but without an axon.

39
Q

These neuroglia form myelin sheaths if they surround an axon:

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES (in CNS)

A single oligodendrocyte can form myelin sheaths around portions of SEVERAL axons (unlike Schwann Cells that only myelinate one axon at a time).

40
Q

What are cytoplasmic extensions that are wrapped several times around an axon, forming an insulating barrier called?

A

MYELIN SHEATH

41
Q

These wrap around a portion of only one axon to form myelin sheaths:

A

Schwann cells (or NEUROLEMMOCYTES, in PNS)

During development, as the cells grow around the axon, cytoplasm is squeezed out and multiple layers of cell membrane wrap the axon. Cell membrane is primarily phospholipid.

42
Q

What is the cell membrane primarily made up of that myelinates the axons?

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Myelination protects and insulates axons from one another, speeds transmission, and functions in repair of axons.

43
Q

These neuroglia surround the neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia:

A

SATELLITE CELLS (in PNS)

They provide support and nutrients (sensory cells need a lot of support because they have BIG jobs to do).

44
Q

What are 2 diseases that involve the degeneration of myelin sheaths?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

and some cases of diabetes mellitus.

45
Q

These types of axons rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes; the myelination is not wrapped around the axon:

A

UNMYELINATED AXONS

46
Q

What do we call the unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites, and neurolgia? White or Gray matter?

A

GRAY MATTER

Serves in integrative functions

47
Q

What kind of “matter” do we call the myelinated axons?

A

WHITE MATTER

Nerve tracts, or conductive pathways. They propagate action potentials from one are of the CNS to another. This is where we need SPEED.

48
Q

Where is the GRAY matter in the brain?

A

Outer cortex and inner nuclei

49
Q

Where is the WHITE matter in the spinal cord?

A

OUTER portion… gray is deeper.

50
Q

Where is the GRAY matter in the PNS?

A

The gray matter is organized in groups of cell bodies called GANGLIA.

51
Q

This pump uses ATP to pump K+ against its concentration gradient and keep it in high concentration inside the cell and to pump Na+ against its concentration gradient and keep it in high concentration outside the cell:

A

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

3 Na+ are transported OUT of the cell and 2 K+ are transported INTO the cell for each ATP molecule used.

52
Q

These gated ion channels are stimulated to open when a chemical such as a neurotransmitter or hormone (the ligand) binds to the receptor portion of the extracellular component of the ion channel:

A

LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL

53
Q

These gated ion channels are stimulated to open and close when there is a small voltage change across the plasma membrane:

A

VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNEL

54
Q

There are other gated ion channels that respond to stimuli other than ligands or voltage and are present in specialized electrically excitable tissues. What are some methods of stimuli for these ion channels to open?

A

Touch: responding to the mechanical stimulation of the skin

Temperature receptors

55
Q

What do we call it when a cell is resting, unstimulated?

A

Resting membrane potential.

The RMP of a neuron is approximately -70 mV
The RMP of a skeletal muscle fiber is approx -90mV (greater charge difference)

Conventionally, the potential difference is reported as a negative number because the inside of the plasma membrane is negative compared to the outside.

BIO 201 (11 decks)

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