Chapter 8 Flashcards
What are DNA’s 4 nitrogen bases?
Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Guanine
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
in RNA Thymine is replaced by Uracil. Pairs with Adenine.
What are the two groups of DNA’s nitrogen bases?
Pyrimidines and Purines.
Which group do Thymine and Cytosine belong to?
Pyrimidine group.
They each have a single six-member ring.
Which group do Guanine and Adenine belong to?
The Purine group.
They each have a double ring made up of a 5-atom ring attached by one side to a 6-atom ring.
What is another word for “joint”?
ARTICULATION
Elbow joint:
CUBITAL joint
How are joints classified?
- Structurally: fibrous/cartilaginous/or synovial and whether a fluid filled joint capsule is present.
- According to their degree of motion: non-movable to freely movable.
Non-movable joints are called:
Synarthroses
Slightly movable joints are called:
Amphiarthroses
Freely movable joints are called:
Diarthroses
These joints consist of two bones that are connected by fibrous connective tissue, have not joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement:
FIBROUS joints
Seems between the bones of the skull:
SUTURES
The 2 layers of periosteum plus the dense fibrous connective tissue in between the two bones forms a:
SUTURAL
LIGAMENT
When the sutures have a membranous area (in infants) it is called a “little fountain” or:
FONTANEL
It gets its name from occasionally being able to see the pulse.
These allow the skull flexibility during birth as well as the major growth they experience their first 2 years of development.
This fibrous joint contains bones that are farther apart than in a suture and are joined by ligaments:
SYNDESMOSIS
Ex: Radioulnar syndesmosis, which binds the radius and the ulna together.
Specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue:
GOMPHOSES
The only ones in the human body are the joints between the teeth and the sockets (alveoli) of the mandible and maxillae.
What are the connective tissue bundles between the teeth and the sockets called?
Periodontal ligaments
They allow slight amount of “give” to the teeth during mastication.
What are the 4 sutures in the adult skull?
- Lambdoid
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Squamous
What are joints containing hyaline cartilage called?
Synchondroses
Synchondrosis consist of two bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs.
Ex: epiphyseal plates of growing bones are synchondroses. Most synchondroses are temporary.
What are joints containing fibrocartilage called?
Symphyses.
A symphysis consists of fibrocartilage uniting two bones. Ex: junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, the symphysis pubis, and the intervertebral disks.
What is the proper anatomical name for the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral joint
The acetabulum is deepened and strengthened by a lip of fibrocartilage called the ?
Acetabular labrum
Which is incomplete inferiorly, and by a transverse acetabular ligament, which crosses the acetabular notch on the inferior edge of the acetabulum.
The fluid filled spaced found in synovial joints is called:
The joint cavity
main part of bone
body
enlarged end
head
constriction between head and body
neck
edge
margin or border
bend
angle
branch off body
ramus
smooth rounded articular surface
condyle
small flattened articular surface
facet
prominent projection
process
small rounded bump
tubercle
knob
tuberosity
tuberosities on proximal femur
trochanter
near or above condyle
epicondyle
low ridge
line or linea
prominent ridge
crest or crista
very high ridge
spine
hole
foramen
tunnel
canal or meatus
cleft
fissure
cavity
sinus or labyrinth
The articular surfaces of bones that meet at a synovial joint are enclosed within a synovial joint cavity, which is surrounded by?
Joint capsule.
This capsule helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement. It consists of 2 layers:
- An outer fibrous capsule (dense irregular CT)
- An inner synovial membrane (thin, delicate, produces synovial fluid and is made up of a collection of modified CT)
The 4 muscles that hold the humeral head tightly within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the:
Rotator cuff.
General term for a depression:
Fossa
Depression in bone margin:
Notch
Little pit:
Fovea
Deeper, narrow depression:
Groove or Sulcus
