Chapter 1 Flashcards
What 6 levels of organization can the body be studied?
- Chemical
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
Chemical level of studying the body:
Involves interactions between atoms, which are tiny building blocks of matter.
Atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, fats and proteins.
The function of a molecule is intimately related to its structure. Ex: collagen = ropelike protein fibers that give skin structure and strength.
Cell level of studying the body:
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals.
Molecules combine to form organelles, which are the small structures that make up cells.
Tissue level of body study:
A tissue is composed of group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.
The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
The numerous tissues that make up the body are classified into 4 basic types:
- EPITHELIAL
- CONNECTIVE
- MUSCLE
- NERVOUS
Organ level of study:
An ORGAN is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.
Organ system level:
An ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
Organism level:
An ORGANISM is any living thing considered as a whole - whether composed of one cell (bacterium), or of trillions of cells (human).
What are the 6 characteristics of life?
- ORGANIZATION. living things are highly organized. cells rely on the precise organization of large molecules.
- METABOLISM. refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism.
- RESPONSIVENESS. the ability to sense changes w/in internal/external environment and respond to those changes.
- GROWTH. increase in size or # of cells.
- DEVELOPMENT. changes of organism over time. beginning with fertilization and ending in death.
- REPRODUCTION. formation of new cells/organisms.
What is it called when a cell changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized?
DIFFERENTIATION.
Ex: fertilization - generalized cells differentiate into specialized, such as skin, bones, etc.
What is it called when there is a change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism?
MORPHOGENESIS
EX: following fertilization, the differentiated cells form the tissues and organs.
Most negative feedback systems have 3 components:
- Receptor, monitors the value of variable
- Control Center, receives info from the receptor
- Effector, produces responses that change the value of the variable.
CEPHALIC
toward the head
CAUDAL
toward the tail
VENTRAL
“belly”
DORSAL
“back”
Central Region of the body consists of:
HEAD, NECK, TRUNK
Division of the trunk:
THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS
SAGITTAL means?
“Flight of an arrow”
SURAL
Calf
CALCANEAL
Heel
