Chapter 1 Flashcards
What 6 levels of organization can the body be studied?
- Chemical
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
Chemical level of studying the body:
Involves interactions between atoms, which are tiny building blocks of matter.
Atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, fats and proteins.
The function of a molecule is intimately related to its structure. Ex: collagen = ropelike protein fibers that give skin structure and strength.
Cell level of studying the body:
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals.
Molecules combine to form organelles, which are the small structures that make up cells.
Tissue level of body study:
A tissue is composed of group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.
The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
The numerous tissues that make up the body are classified into 4 basic types:
- EPITHELIAL
- CONNECTIVE
- MUSCLE
- NERVOUS
Organ level of study:
An ORGAN is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.
Organ system level:
An ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
Organism level:
An ORGANISM is any living thing considered as a whole - whether composed of one cell (bacterium), or of trillions of cells (human).
What are the 6 characteristics of life?
- ORGANIZATION. living things are highly organized. cells rely on the precise organization of large molecules.
- METABOLISM. refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism.
- RESPONSIVENESS. the ability to sense changes w/in internal/external environment and respond to those changes.
- GROWTH. increase in size or # of cells.
- DEVELOPMENT. changes of organism over time. beginning with fertilization and ending in death.
- REPRODUCTION. formation of new cells/organisms.
What is it called when a cell changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized?
DIFFERENTIATION.
Ex: fertilization - generalized cells differentiate into specialized, such as skin, bones, etc.
What is it called when there is a change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism?
MORPHOGENESIS
EX: following fertilization, the differentiated cells form the tissues and organs.
Most negative feedback systems have 3 components:
- Receptor, monitors the value of variable
- Control Center, receives info from the receptor
- Effector, produces responses that change the value of the variable.
CEPHALIC
toward the head
CAUDAL
toward the tail
VENTRAL
“belly”
DORSAL
“back”
Central Region of the body consists of:
HEAD, NECK, TRUNK
Division of the trunk:
THORAX, ABDOMEN, PELVIS
SAGITTAL means?
“Flight of an arrow”
SURAL
Calf
CALCANEAL
Heel
POPLITEAL
Hollow behind knee
DORSUM
Back of hand, Top of foot
NUCHAL
Back of neck
ACROMIAL
Point of shoulder
OLECRANON
Point of elbow
TALUS
Ankle
MANUAL
Hand
COXAL
Hip
CRURAL
Leg
INGUINAL
Groin
ANTEBRACHIAL
Forearm
ANTECUBITAL
Front of elbow
OTIC
Ear
FRONTAL
Forehead
Collarbone
CLAVICULAR
The scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure… form:
ANATOMY
The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things… function:
PHYSIOLOGY
What is the study of cells?
CYTOLOGY
What is the study of tissues?
HISTOLOGY
Which system consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands?
INTEGUMENTARY system
Which system consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments and joints?
SKELETAL system
Which system consists of muscles attached to skeleton by tendons?
MUSCULAR system
Which system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors?
NERVOUS system
What is the ideal normal value for a variable called?
SET POINT
Ex: set point for body temp = 98.6
IPSILATERAL
On the same side of the body
CONTRALATERAL
Opposites of the body
Other than at a right angle (in a plane):
OBLIQUE
This body cavity contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs:
MEDIASTINUM
What does the VENTRAL cavity contain?
The THORACIC and ABDOMINALPELVIC cavities.
What does the THORACIC cavity contain?
Lungs, heart, major blood vessels (mediastinum).
What does the ABDOMINOPELVIC cavity contain?
Stomach, liver, kidneys, intestines, bladder, etc.
What does the DORSAL cavity contain?
The CRANIAL (brain) and SPINAL (spinal cord) cavities.
These anchor organs and provide a pathway for blood vessels and nerves:
MESENTARIES
They’re formed by two layers of peritoneum fused together.
They connect visceral peritoneum with parietal peritoneum of the body wall.
