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1
Q

What is the taxonomy structure

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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2
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have distinct nucleus and special organelles and prokaryotes don’t

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3
Q

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph

A

Autotroph: gets or makes energy from themselves in organic raw material. Heterotroph: gets energy from organisms by digesting.

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4
Q

What is a virus composed of

A

DNA/RNA and a capsid

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5
Q

Why do viruses invade sells

A

They invade cells because out of hose they are in active, they like ribosomes needed for metabolism, and they use the raw materials of the host cell to be able to reproduce

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6
Q

What are the groupings of bacteria

A

Diplo, strepto, staphylo

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7
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria

A

Bacillus, coccus, spirillium, spirochete

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8
Q

Gram-negative

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan, stained pink, endotoxins

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9
Q

Gram-positive

A

Sick layer of peptidoglycan, stained purple, exotoxins

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10
Q

What is the basic bacterial anatomy

A

Do you know a region, ribosomes, cell wall, plasmid

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11
Q

What are the three phyla of fungi

A

Zygomycota
Basidiumycota
Ascomycota

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12
Q

Zygomycota

A

Zygote or fruiting bodies: bread mold

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13
Q

Basidiumycota

A

Basidium with four spores each: mushrooms and rest

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14
Q

Ascomycota

A

Ascus forms non-motile spores: yeast and sac fungus

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15
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

Addition of monomers by removing water

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16
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Addition of causes that break down polymers

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17
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose and what is it used for

A

C6H12O6

Used for glycolysis

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18
Q

What are the uses for fats

A

Long-term energy, insulation, cell membrane

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19
Q

Where are phospholipids used in the cell and how did they interact with water

A

The cell membrane: hydrophilic head to hydrophobic tails

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20
Q

What are proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids

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21
Q

What are the four levels of proteins

A

Primary: Polypeptide chain
Secondary: alpha helix or beta sheets
Tertiary: helix or sheet folded into 3-D
Quaternary: collection of tertiary

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22
Q

What determines the function of a protein

A

Shape

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23
Q

What is the function of the rough ER

A

Makes new membranes, assembles of polypeptides interfunctioning proteins

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24
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

It modifies chemicals, sorts and ships, makes lysosomes

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25
What is the function of lysosome
It digest food destroys invaders and damage cell components, aids an embryonic development
26
What is diffusion
The process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration of a substance to areas of lower concentration
27
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
28
What is a selectively permeable membrane
A membrane that allows substances to pass through
29
What is facilitated diffusion
Passive transport through protein channels embedded in the cell membrane
30
Active transport
It requires energy, becomes ADP from ATP, goes against gradient
31
What is the main purpose of glycolysis
Glucose—>pyruvate—>NADH
32
What is the main purpose of for the Krebs cycle
To take the carbon off
33
What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain
To pump hydrogen out to create gradient and to form ATP
34
Why is oxygen important for cellular respiration
Without oxygen it can’t form CO2 and Krebs cycle doesn’t work without oxygen H2O can’t be formed an oxidation doesn’t work
35
Helicase
Unwinds and unzips the double helix
36
Topoisomerase
Relieves super coil by cutting and reconnecting the sugar phosphate backbone
37
Binding proteins
Single-stranded binding proteins keep helixes from rebinding
38
RNA primer
Primate: Short strand of RNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis
39
DNA polymerase
Enzyme that connects free nucleotides to the parent strand forming a complementary strand
40
DNA ligase
Join single chain links between Okazaki fragments
41
Transcription
DNA is copied into MRNA, the RNA strand goes to the cytoplasm to make a protein
42
Translation
RNA flows through nuclear pore, attaches to ribosome, ribosome creates polypeptide chains
43
Rough ER
Synthesis of phospholipids, synthesis of proteins, formation of transport vesicles
44
Golgi body
Packaging of proteins, modification of macromolecules, lysosomes formation
45
Exocytosis
Process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell
46
Lysosome
Digestion of food, bacteria and sells damaged organelles with hydraulic enzymes
47
Homozygous
Gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes
48
Heterozygous
Gene with two different alleles
49
Gene
Individual factors that control the trait of organisms
50
Alleles
Contrasting forms of genes
51
Haploid
Cell with single set of unpaired chromosomes
52
Diploid
Contains two complete sets of chromosomes
53
Zygote
Diploid cell compose from the fusion of two haploid cells
54
Gene mutation
Permanent alteration to DNA: point And frame shift
55
Chromosome mutation
Change your number, structure of chromosomes
56
What are the changes in chromosomes
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, non-disjunction
57
What is the purpose of mitosis
Process by which the nucleus of the cell is divided into two nuclei, each of the same number and kinds of chromosomes
58
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis
Mitosis is cell division intended to produce a new identical cells but meiosis is the process to make sex cells intended to pass down genes to the next generation
59
What did Darwin come up with first
I mechanism for evolution: natural selection
60
What did Darwin propose
He proposed the tree of life to be found in the fossil record: instead we see lawn of life
61
What are Haekles errors in embryos drawings
He misrepresented the embryo drawings Andrew them from different stages of development. He made the drawings more alike than they really are. He also chose specific animals that looked similar for his theory and drew five out of the seven vertebrates. Half of his embryos were mammal and they were biased examples
62
What are the errors of the miller-Urey experiment
He had the wrong type of gas to match the early earth atmosphere. He had lots of issues oxygen, then someone brought up or nay for building blocks which was then later debunked
63
What is Homology
Organisms have different functions but share a common ancestor
64
How do evolutions use it as proof
They argue that common ancestors is both the definition and the explanation of them all a just, common ancestry demonstrates homology which demonstrates common ancestry. They take bits and pieces from other fossils put together in one
65
What problems do evolutionist face with homology
Fossil records: fragmented. Developmental pathways: no correspondence homology and developmental process. Developmental genetics: inconsistency between genes and structure is true for organisms and vertebrates.
66
What is Jonathan Wells’ argument for apes to human
Common ancestry found between man and the piltdown/Neanderthal man
67
What are the names and characteristics of the phyla of the kingdom according to lecture notes
Nematoda, Annelida, platyhelminthes, chordata, Arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, porifera, Cnidaria
68
What are characteristics of Agnatha
jawless
69
What are characteristics of Chondrichthyes
Cartilage skeleton
70
What are characteristics of Osteichthyes
Skeleton made of bones, operculum flap covering gills
71
What are characteristics of Amphibia
Thin moist skin, jelly coated eggs, no claws or scales
72
What are characteristics of reptilian
Scaly skin, forelimbs, three chambered heart
73
What are characteristics of aves
Wings, hollow bones, one way flow lungs
74
What are characteristics of Mammalia
Three middle ear bones, four chambered heart, bellow like lungs
75
What happens in meiosis interface
DNA replication, synthesis of organelles and materials for division, normal cellular activity, cell growth and development
76
What happens in meiosis prophase
Synapsis/chiasmata/homologous chromosomes and crossing over, centrioles migrate to polls, spindle forms: kinetochore and polar microtubules, nuclear envelope breaks down
77
What happens in meiosis metaphase
Homologous chromosomes line up on the equator in random order
78
What happens in meiosis anaphase
Homologous chromosomes split apart and become individual chromosomes, chromosomes migrate poles
79
What happens in meiosis teloface/cytokinesis
Haploid form, | nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes, the final division of the cell by dividing the cytoplasm
80
What are phospholipids used in the cell and how to interact with water
The cell membrane: hydrophilic head two hydrophobic tails
81
What is the difference in amino acids
Different due to side chains
82
What is the main difference between DNA/RNA
Sugar
83
What does the sequence of the bases do
Transmits all of the info of the make up and functioning of an organism

Biology (16 decks)

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