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Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the taxonomy structure

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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2
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have distinct nucleus and special organelles and prokaryotes don’t

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3
Q

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph

A

Autotroph: gets or makes energy from themselves in organic raw material. Heterotroph: gets energy from organisms by digesting.

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4
Q

What is a virus composed of

A

DNA/RNA and a capsid

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5
Q

Why do viruses invade sells

A

They invade cells because out of hose they are in active, they like ribosomes needed for metabolism, and they use the raw materials of the host cell to be able to reproduce

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6
Q

What are the groupings of bacteria

A

Diplo, strepto, staphylo

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7
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria

A

Bacillus, coccus, spirillium, spirochete

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8
Q

Gram-negative

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan, stained pink, endotoxins

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9
Q

Gram-positive

A

Sick layer of peptidoglycan, stained purple, exotoxins

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10
Q

What is the basic bacterial anatomy

A

Do you know a region, ribosomes, cell wall, plasmid

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11
Q

What are the three phyla of fungi

A

Zygomycota
Basidiumycota
Ascomycota

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12
Q

Zygomycota

A

Zygote or fruiting bodies: bread mold

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13
Q

Basidiumycota

A

Basidium with four spores each: mushrooms and rest

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14
Q

Ascomycota

A

Ascus forms non-motile spores: yeast and sac fungus

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15
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

Addition of monomers by removing water

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16
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Addition of causes that break down polymers

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17
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose and what is it used for

A

C6H12O6

Used for glycolysis

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18
Q

What are the uses for fats

A

Long-term energy, insulation, cell membrane

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19
Q

Where are phospholipids used in the cell and how did they interact with water

A

The cell membrane: hydrophilic head to hydrophobic tails

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20
Q

What are proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids

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21
Q

What are the four levels of proteins

A

Primary: Polypeptide chain
Secondary: alpha helix or beta sheets
Tertiary: helix or sheet folded into 3-D
Quaternary: collection of tertiary

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22
Q

What determines the function of a protein

A

Shape

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23
Q

What is the function of the rough ER

A

Makes new membranes, assembles of polypeptides interfunctioning proteins

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24
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

It modifies chemicals, sorts and ships, makes lysosomes

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25
Q

What is the function of lysosome

A

It digest food destroys invaders and damage cell components, aids an embryonic development

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26
Q

What is diffusion

A

The process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration of a substance to areas of lower concentration

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27
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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28
Q

What is a selectively permeable membrane

A

A membrane that allows substances to pass through

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29
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport through protein channels embedded in the cell membrane

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30
Q

Active transport

A

It requires energy, becomes ADP from ATP, goes against gradient

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31
Q

What is the main purpose of glycolysis

A

Glucose—>pyruvate—>NADH

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32
Q

What is the main purpose of for the Krebs cycle

A

To take the carbon off

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33
Q

What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain

A

To pump hydrogen out to create gradient and to form ATP

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34
Q

Why is oxygen important for cellular respiration

A

Without oxygen it can’t form CO2 and Krebs cycle doesn’t work without oxygen H2O can’t be formed an oxidation doesn’t work

35
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds and unzips the double helix

36
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Relieves super coil by cutting and reconnecting the sugar phosphate backbone

37
Q

Binding proteins

A

Single-stranded binding proteins keep helixes from rebinding

38
Q

RNA primer

A

Primate: Short strand of RNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis

39
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that connects free nucleotides to the parent strand forming a complementary strand

40
Q

DNA ligase

A

Join single chain links between Okazaki fragments

41
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is copied into MRNA, the RNA strand goes to the cytoplasm to make a protein

42
Q

Translation

A

RNA flows through nuclear pore, attaches to ribosome, ribosome creates polypeptide chains

43
Q

Rough ER

A

Synthesis of phospholipids, synthesis of proteins, formation of transport vesicles

44
Q

Golgi body

A

Packaging of proteins, modification of macromolecules, lysosomes formation

45
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell

46
Q

Lysosome

A

Digestion of food, bacteria and sells damaged organelles with hydraulic enzymes

47
Q

Homozygous

A

Gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes

48
Q

Heterozygous

A

Gene with two different alleles

49
Q

Gene

A

Individual factors that control the trait of organisms

50
Q

Alleles

A

Contrasting forms of genes

51
Q

Haploid

A

Cell with single set of unpaired chromosomes

52
Q

Diploid

A

Contains two complete sets of chromosomes

53
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell compose from the fusion of two haploid cells

54
Q

Gene mutation

A

Permanent alteration to DNA: point And frame shift

55
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Change your number, structure of chromosomes

56
Q

What are the changes in chromosomes

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, non-disjunction

57
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis

A

Process by which the nucleus of the cell is divided into two nuclei, each of the same number and kinds of chromosomes

58
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis

A

Mitosis is cell division intended to produce a new identical cells but meiosis is the process to make sex cells intended to pass down genes to the next generation

59
Q

What did Darwin come up with first

A

I mechanism for evolution: natural selection

60
Q

What did Darwin propose

A

He proposed the tree of life to be found in the fossil record: instead we see lawn of life

61
Q

What are Haekles errors in embryos drawings

A

He misrepresented the embryo drawings Andrew them from different stages of development. He made the drawings more alike than they really are. He also chose specific animals that looked similar for his theory and drew five out of the seven vertebrates. Half of his embryos were mammal and they were biased examples

62
Q

What are the errors of the miller-Urey experiment

A

He had the wrong type of gas to match the early earth atmosphere. He had lots of issues oxygen, then someone brought up or nay for building blocks which was then later debunked

63
Q

What is Homology

A

Organisms have different functions but share a common ancestor

64
Q

How do evolutions use it as proof

A

They argue that common ancestors is both the definition and the explanation of them all a just, common ancestry demonstrates homology which demonstrates common ancestry. They take bits and pieces from other fossils put together in one

65
Q

What problems do evolutionist face with homology

A

Fossil records: fragmented. Developmental pathways: no correspondence homology and developmental process. Developmental genetics: inconsistency between genes and structure is true for organisms and vertebrates.

66
Q

What is Jonathan Wells’ argument for apes to human

A

Common ancestry found between man and the piltdown/Neanderthal man

67
Q

What are the names and characteristics of the phyla of the kingdom according to lecture notes

A

Nematoda, Annelida, platyhelminthes, chordata, Arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, porifera, Cnidaria

68
Q

What are characteristics of Agnatha

A

jawless

69
Q

What are characteristics of Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilage skeleton

70
Q

What are characteristics of Osteichthyes

A

Skeleton made of bones, operculum flap covering gills

71
Q

What are characteristics of Amphibia

A

Thin moist skin,
jelly coated eggs,
no claws or scales

72
Q

What are characteristics of reptilian

A

Scaly skin,
forelimbs,
three chambered heart

73
Q

What are characteristics of aves

A

Wings,
hollow bones,
one way flow lungs

74
Q

What are characteristics of Mammalia

A

Three middle ear bones, four chambered heart, bellow like lungs

75
Q

What happens in meiosis interface

A

DNA replication,
synthesis of organelles and materials for division, normal cellular activity,
cell growth and development

76
Q

What happens in meiosis prophase

A

Synapsis/chiasmata/homologous chromosomes and crossing over,
centrioles migrate to polls,
spindle forms: kinetochore and polar microtubules,
nuclear envelope breaks down

77
Q

What happens in meiosis metaphase

A

Homologous chromosomes line up on the equator in random order

78
Q

What happens in meiosis anaphase

A

Homologous chromosomes split apart and become individual chromosomes,
chromosomes migrate poles

79
Q

What happens in meiosis teloface/cytokinesis

A

Haploid form,

nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes, the final division of the cell by dividing the cytoplasm

80
Q

What are phospholipids used in the cell and how to interact with water

A

The cell membrane: hydrophilic head two hydrophobic tails

81
Q

What is the difference in amino acids

A

Different due to side chains

82
Q

What is the main difference between DNA/RNA

A

Sugar

83
Q

What does the sequence of the bases do

A

Transmits all of the info of the make up and functioning of an organism

Biology (16 decks)

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