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Biomolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are organic compounds made of?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What does carbon come together to create?

A

Organic compounds

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3
Q

What is the definition of an isomer?

A

Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements are called isomers.

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4
Q

What is it called when compounds with the same formula but different structure arrangements?

A

Isomers

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5
Q

What are the six organic families?

A 
Hydroxyl group, 
carbonyl group, 
carboxyl group, 
amino group, 
phosphate group, 
methyl group
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6
Q

What are the functional groups?

A 
Hydroxyl group, 
carbonyl group, 
carboxyl group, 
amino group, 
phosphate group
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7
Q

What is the sixth group?

A

Methyl group

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8
Q

Which group is polar and which group is nonpolar?

A

The functional group: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate is all polar. The methyl group: methyl is nonpolar.

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9
Q

What is the functional group polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar: hydrophilic, they like water

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10
Q

What is the methyl group polar or nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar: hydrophobic, they hate waters

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11
Q

What does polar mean

A

Hydrophilic, loves water

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12
Q

What does nonpolar mean?

A

Hydrophobic, they hate water

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13
Q

What is hydrophilic and loves water,

A

Polar

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14
Q

What is hydrophobic, hate water

A

Nonpolar

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15
Q

What is the chemical formula of hydroxyl

A

OH

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16
Q

What is OH

A

hydroxyl

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17
Q

The chemical formula of carbonyl

A

CHO

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18
Q

What is CHO

A

Carbonyl

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19
Q

What is the chemical formula of carboxyl

A

COOH

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20
Q

what is COOH?

A

Carboxyl

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21
Q

The chemical formula for amino?

A

NH2

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22
Q

NH2

A

amino

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23
Q

What is the chemical formula for phosphate

A

P04

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24
Q

What is P04

A

Phosphate

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25
Q

What is the chemical formula for methyl?

A

CH4

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26
Q

What is CH4

A

Methyl

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27
Q

What is a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together?

A

Polymers

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28
Q

What is polymer?

A

A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together, much as a train consist of chains of cars

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29
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Monomers the building blocks of a polymer

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30
Q

What is the name of the building blocks of polymers

A

Monomers

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31
Q

What is the definition of enzymes?

A

Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

32
Q

What are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells?

A

Enzymes

33
Q

What is the process of dehydration synthesis?

A

It is the joining of monomers together that creates polymers, takes away water

34
Q

Is it called when monomers join together and create polymers

A

Dehydration synthesis

35
Q

Is the process of hydrolysis

A

Hydrolysis is the breaking apart a polymers into monomers, adds water to break apart polymers

36
Q

Is the breaking apart a polymers into monomers

A

Hydrolysis

37
Q

What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates

A

CHO

38
Q

What does CHO stand for

A

Carbohydrates

39
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Sugar

40
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Monosaccharide is one sugar such as glucose, fructose, galactose. It is made of the hydroxyl group and carbonyl group. It is the carbohydrate monomer/single unit sugar.

41
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Cells construct a disaccharide from two monosaccharide monomers by a dehydration reaction. Examples of disaccharide are sucrose, lactose, maltose.

42
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reaction. They may function as storage molecules or a structural compounds. Examples are starch, glycogen, cellulose.

43
Q

What involves “ose” and “ase”

A

Sugar and enzymes

44
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

To have energy and build structure

45
Q

What are the three types of lipids

A

Fats, phospholipids, sterols

46
Q

What are the two types of fats

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides

47
Q

Is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats and trans unsaturated fat’s

A

Saturated fats are solids and full of hydrogen, unsaturated fatty acid’s are oil/liquids and are bent, trans unsaturated fatty acid’s are bad except increase shelf life

48
Q

Explain a peptide bond

A

Amino acid go through dehydration synthesis and went to our joint they create a dipeptide bond when another one or more are joint to those two amino acids becomes a polypeptide.

49
Q

Are the four steps to having an amino acid become a protein?

A

Primary: amino acid sequence/polypeptide chain
Secondary: folding a peptide chain into beta sheet or alpha helix
Tertiary: three-dimensional folding of beta sheet or alpha helix
Quaternary: collection of tertiary structures into a specific shape

50
Q

Are the seven functions of proteins

A
  1. Structural
  2. Contractile
  3. Defensive
  4. Signal
  5. Receptor
  6. Transport
  7. Storage
51
Q

What are examples of the functions of protein?

A
  1. Structural: bones
  2. Contractile: muscles
  3. Defensive,: white blood cells
  4. Signal proteins: lipid/hormones
  5. receptor: outside of cell
  6. Transport: hemoglobins
  7. Storage: food vacuoles
52
Q

What specific part of a protein is important and determines the function

A

Shape

53
Q

What does shape determine

A

Function

54
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

55
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribose nucleic acid

56
Q

What is the definition of transcription

A

First step of gene expression, DNA is opened by the enzyme RNA polymerase and DNA is copied into RNA.

57
Q

What is the definition of translation

A

Process of converting our night into a polypeptide chain using a ribosome

58
Q

What is the first step of gene expression, DNA is opened by the enzyme RNA polymerase and DNA is copied and RNA

A

Transcription

59
Q

What is the process of Converting our chain into a polypeptide chain using a ribosome

A

Translation

60
Q

What compound is only made of hydrogen and carbon?

A

Hydrocarbon

61
Q

This hydrocarbon made out of

A

Hydrogen carbon

62
Q

Explain the different structures of carbon

A

There carbon rings in their chains versus branching branching involves double bonds

63
Q

Splaine dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis with carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid

A

All of them involve both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, but protein has a special name to call the peptide bond

64
Q

What are examples of the functions of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides give energy and polysaccharides build structure

65
Q

Is a triglyceride made of

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

66
Q

There’s a phospholipid made of

A

Phosphate group and fatty acids

67
Q

What is the composition of an amino acid

A

Amino group, alpha carbon, carboxyl group, side chain

68
Q

What is denature

A

Polypeptide chain is unraveled and it loses specifics shape and function

69
Q

Is it called when a polypeptide chain unravels and loses its specific shape and function

A

Denature

70
Q

Why does denaturation happen

A

When the proteins break down due to heat or change in pH

71
Q

When does hydrolysis occur

A

It only occurs with a circle enzyme

72
Q

What is the composition of nucleotides and what differentiates them

A

Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base: back bone — the base creates A hydrogen bond

73
Q

What is the function of a nucleic acid

A

Storage of genetic code and protein synthesis

74
Q

What is DNA

A

It is double stranded and double helix

75
Q

What is RNA

A

Single Stranded and has ribose sugar

76
Q

What are the four names in RNA

A

Uracil, cytosine, adenine, guanine

77
Q

What are the four names in DNA

A

Thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine

Biology (16 decks)

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