Final

Question 1

What are the four basic characteristics of bureaucracy?

Answer 1

Job Specialization, Hierarchy of Authority, System of Rules, and Impersonality of Organization.

Question 2

Any discrimination is illegal in employment. The law has affected all personal management. Cannot be any racial, gender, ethnicity, religion, or national origin discrimination.

Answer 2

The Civil Rights Act [1964]

Question 3

Ability of all public employees who have been hired to make decisions on how they interpret or enforce the law, how they administer the law. Every gov employee has this discretion. Can either enforce law at low degree and not enforce the law, or only enforce every once in awhile.

Answer 3

Bureaucratic Discretion

Question 4

What are four ways to improve Bureaucracy?

Answer 4

Privatization, Co-production, Intergovernmental Cooperation and E-Government

Question 5

Which courts hold Bench only trials?

Answer 5

Municipal and Special Courts, Circuit or County Courts, Appeals Court, and State Supreme Court.

Question 6

Explain and compare the methods for selection of Judges.

Answer 6

Legislative Election, Partisan Popular Election, Nonpartisan Popular Election, Merit Plan, and Gubernatorial Appointment

Question 7

Explain the five types of local governments.

Answer 7

Counties, Municipalities, Townships, Special Districts, and School Districts

Question 8

Explain and compare the four organizational structures in local governments.

Answer 8

Town meeting, Mayor Council Structure, Council - Manager, Commission Form

Question 9

Identify and compare Community Power Theories.

Answer 9

Elite Theory, Pluralist Theory, Large vs Small Government Theory, Values Model from Ch 1.

Question 10

Local governments are “creatures” [or creations] of state constitutions, state governments, and state laws. Local governments can only do what the state government allows them to do.

Answer 10

Dillons Rule

Question 11

Effort to reduce amount of urban sprawl and minimize its impact. Effort to manage growth. These principles can bring about conflict with private property rights

Answer 11

Smart Growth

Question 12

Explain eight state and local government taxes.

Answer 12

Income Tax
Sales Tax
Property Tax
Excise Tax
User Fees
Severance Tax
Franchise Tax
Lotteries

Question 13

Explain the six tax criteria.

Answer 13

Yield, Elastic, Efficiency, Effects on Economic Behavior, Acceptability and Political Accountability, Equity

Question 14

Explain the four waves of economic development.

Answer 14

Smokestack Chasing, Government Venture Capital Pools or Small Business Incubators, Use Private Organizations, New Economy

Question 15

Desegregation noncompliance would lose federal funding for elementary and secondary public education HEW regulated

Answer 15

ESEA

Elementary & Secondary Education Act of 1965

Question 16

Stopped racial segregation in schools

Answer 16

Brown v. Board of Education

Question 17

California Supreme Court declared that inequalities in school-district spending resulting from variations in taxable wealth were unconstitutional. Court observed that local control is a “cruel illusion”, poor districts cannot achieve excellence in education because of a low tax base. Education must be considered fundamental interest of the state.

Answer 17

Serrano v. Priest

Question 18

Set up the exclusionary rule: evidence will not be used if found by police without a search warrant that specified a person, place and what evidence. Evidence obtained illegally by police cannot be introduced in court.

Answer 18

Mapp v. Ohio 1961

Question 19

Provide defense to indigent (legal defense for poor people). Under 6th amendment, states required to provide counsel to represent defendants who can’t afford attorneys.

Answer 19

Gideon v. Wainwright 1963

Question 20

Expanded the rights of the accused by requiring police to inform person suspected of crime of their right to remain silent, anything used against them, right to an attorney. Failure by police jeopardizes evidence, confessions.

Answer 20

Miranda v. Arizona 1966

Question 21

What are the four policy approaches to crime

Answer 21

Punishment, Deterrence, Rehabilitation, and Confinement

Question 22

Explain five federal environmental regulations.

Answer 22

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) 1970, Water Pollution Control Act 1972, Safe Drinking Water Act 1974, Solid Waste Disposal Act 1976, Clean Air Act Amendments 1960 & 1990

Question 23

Alejandro Guadalupe Carmona Cortes

Answer 23

States give zoning land use authority to themselves and local government.
Purposes of chapter: provide health, safety, welfare, and protection, improve the morals.