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POLS 3030 > Ch 9, 16, 14, 18 Key Terms > Flashcards

Ch 9, 16, 14, 18 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

A case that concerns a dispute involving individuals or organizations.

A

Civil Case

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2
Q

A case brought by the state against persons accused of violating a law.

A

Criminal Case

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3
Q

Usually, a case in which a government agency applies rules to settle a legal dispute.

A

Administrative Case

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4
Q

Unwritten law based on tradition, custom, or court decisions.

A

Common Law

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5
Q

Those courts with original jurisdiction over specialized cases such as juvenile offenses or traffic violations.

A

Limited Jurisdiction Trial Courts

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6
Q

Court of general jurisdiction that handles major criminal and civil cases.

A

Major Trial Court

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7
Q

The highlight state court, beyond which there is no appeal except in cases involving federal law.

A

Supreme Court

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8
Q

A state appellate court that relieves the case burden on the supreme court by hearing certain types of appeals.

A

Intermediate Appellate Court

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9
Q

Negotiation between a prosecutor and a criminal defendant’s counsel that results in the defendant pleading guilty to a lesser charge or pleading guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.

A

Plea Bargaining

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10
Q

Trial by a single judge, without a jury.

A

Bench Trial

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11
Q

A trial in which a jury decides the facts and makes a finding of guilty or not guilty.

A

Trial by Jury

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12
Q

The legal principle that previous similar court decisions should be applied to future decisions.

A

Precedent

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13
Q

The legal doctrine that precedent set in earlier cases should guide judges’ rulings.

A

Stare Decisis

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14
Q

State constitutional and statutory laws are consulted and applied before federal law.

A

Judicial Federalism

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15
Q

The making of judicial public policy through decisions that overturn existing law or effectively make new laws.

A

Judicial Activism

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16
Q

A civil wrong that causes harm to another person, such as an auto accident, product liability, or defamation.

A

Tort

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17
Q

A group of citizens appointed to determine if there is enough evidence to bring a person to trial.

A

Grand Jury

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18
Q

A formal, written accusation submitted to a court by a grand jury, alleging a specified crime.

A

Indictment

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19
Q

Illegal acts that, in theory, do no one any harm.

A

Victimless Crimes

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20
Q

Sentencing in which a judge exercises discretion when deciding on the number of years for the sentence.

A

Indeterminate Sentencing

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21
Q

Mandatory sentencing that is determined by law, not a judge’s discretion.

A

Determinate Sentencing

22
Q

Program in which offenders are released from prison to serve the remainder of their sentence under community supervision.

A

Parole

23
Q

Instead of incarceration, this program permits minor offenders to remain in the community under supervision, or to serve brief sentences followed _____.

A

Probation

24
Q

Sentencing in which the punishment matches the crime and the characteristics of the convicted person.

A

Creative Sentencing

25
Q

Prison boot camps provide this option for young offenders, who receive paramilitary and physical training intended to shock the offender into staying out of trouble and learning self discipline.

A

Shock Incarceration

26
Q

A process by which a community, state, or nation increases its level of per capita income, high-quality jobs, and capital investment.

A

Economic Development

27
Q

Financial assistance given by a government to a firm or enterprise.

A

Subsidy

28
Q

Special funds earmarked for new, innovative businesses that cannot get conventional financing.

A

Venture Capital Pools

29
Q

Facilities that provide services aimed at nurturing start-up businesses.

A

Small-Business Incubators

30
Q

Areas of a community that offer special government incentives aimed at stimulating investment.

A

Enterprise/Empowerment Zone

31
Q

Geographically concentrated firms that compete and trade with each other and have similar needs.

A

Clusters

32
Q

An economy based in global technology and knowledge, as opposed to the old economy based in national manufacturing.

A

New Economy

33
Q

An approach to economic development that emphasizes adaptation to changing conditions and anticipation of future events.

A

Strategic Planning

34
Q

A tax on hotel-or motel-room occupancy, with the revenues usually earmarked for tourism-related uses.

A

Accommodations Tax

35
Q

Comfort and conveniences that contribute to quality of life.

A

Amenities

36
Q

The right of a government to seize private property for public use, in exchange for payment of fair market value.

A

Eminent Domain

37
Q

The enticements that state and local governments offer to retain or attract businesses and industry.

A

Incentive Package

38
Q

Requirements that subsidized firms repay some or all of the subsidy if they fail to deliver on their promises.

A

Clawbacks

39
Q

A method by which local governments use large-scale commercial development projects to accomplish social objectives.

A

Linkaging

40
Q

A form of self-policing in which the regulated firm conducts its own review of its performance and voluntarily reports violations.

A

Environmental Self-Audit

41
Q

Occurs when states alter their behaviors by relaxing regulations, lowering taxes, or reducing benefits to gain an advantage over competing states.

A

Race to the Bottom

42
Q

The simultaneous achievement of economic development and environmental protection.

A

Sustainability

43
Q

An approach common to federal environmental laws that requires states to apply federal standards.

A

Partial Pre-Emption

44
Q

The size of the environmental impact imposed on the earth and its resources.

A

Ecological Footprint

45
Q

Not in my backyard; the public desire to keep an unwanted facility out of a neighborhood.

A

NIMBY

46
Q

Put in my backyard; a willingness to accept what other do not want, because of the economic benefit.

A

PIMBY

47
Q

Abandoned industrial sites with real or perceived environmental contamination.

A

Brownfields

48
Q

Locally unwanted land use; a broad category of undesirable facilities such as landfills and prisons.

A

LULU

49
Q

Formal agreements among a subset of states, usually to solve a problem that affects each of the member states.

A

Interstate Compacts

50
Q

Not in my term of office; the desire by elected officials to avoid accepting LULUs while they are in office.

A

NIMTOO

POLS 3030 (9 decks)

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