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POLS 3030 > Ch 8,10-12 Key Terms > Flashcards

Ch 8,10-12 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The administrative branch of government, consisting of all executive offices and their workers.

A

Bureaucracy

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2
Q

A decision-making approach in the budgetary process in which the previous year’s expenditures are used as a base for the current year’s budget figures.

A

Incrementalism

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3
Q

A budget that lists detailed expenditure items such as personal computers and paper, with no attention to the goals or objectives of spending.

A

Line Item Budget

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4
Q

Budgeting that takes into account the outcomes of government programs.

A

Performance Budgeting

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5
Q

A budget that plans large expenditures for long-term investments, such as buildings and bridges.

A

Capital Budget

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6
Q

The organization of government personnel to provide for hiring and promotion on the basis of knowledge, skills, and abilities rather than patronage or other influences.

A

Merit System

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7
Q

The concept that public employees should perform their duties competently and without regard for political considerations.

A

Neutral Competence

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8
Q

The concept that all major groups in society should participate proportionately in government work.

A

Representative Bureaucracy

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9
Q

Special efforts to recruit, hire, and promote members of disadvantaged groups to eliminate the effects of past discrimination.

A

Affirmative Action

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10
Q

A formal arrangement in which representatives of labor and management negotiate wages, benefits, and working conditions.

A

Collective Bargaining

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11
Q

The ability of public employees to make decisions interpreting law and administrative regulations.

A

Bureaucratic Discretion

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12
Q

Groups that benefit from a specific government program, such as contractors and construction firms in state highway department spending programs.

A

Clientele Groups

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13
Q

An administrative reform movement that argues government should manage for results, through entrepreneurial activity, privatization, and improvements in efficiency and effectiveness.

A

New Public Management

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14
Q

Involves service delivery through combined efforts of government, citizens, nonprofits, and/or businesses.

A

Coproduction

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15
Q

The use of information technology to simplify and improve interactions between governments and citizens , firms, public employees, and other entities.

A

E-Government

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16
Q

A local government that performs a wide range of functions.

A

General-Purpose Local Government

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17
Q

A local government, such as a school district, that performs a specific functions.

A

Single-Purpose Local Government

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18
Q

A central city of at least 50,000 people and its surrounding county (or countries); often called an urban area.

A

Metropolitan Area

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19
Q

An urban cluster with a population between 10,000 and 49,999.

A

Micropolitan Statistical Area

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20
Q

A broad grant of power from the state to a local government.

A

Home Rule

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21
Q

The existence of multiple local governments in the same territory.

A

Jurisdictional Overlap

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22
Q

The creation of a municipality through the granting of a charter from the state.

A

Incorporation

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23
Q

A document that sets out a city’s structure, authority, and functions.

A

Charter

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24
Q

The mayor is empowered to perform the executive functions of government and has a veto over city council actions.

A

Strong-Mayor-Council Structure

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25
Q

The mayor lacks formal executive power; the city council (of which the mayor is a member) is the source of executive and legislative power.

A

Weak-Mayor-Council Structure

26
Q

A professional administrator hired by a city council to handle the day-to-day operation of the city.

A

City Manager

27
Q

Enacted by the governing body, it is the local government equivalent of a statute.

A

Ordinance

28
Q

The addition of unincorporated adjacent territory to a municipality.

A

Annexation

29
Q

The ability of a city government to control certain practices in an adjacent, unincorporated area.

A

Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ)

30
Q

Citywide (or countywide) contests to determine the members of a city council (or county commission).

A

At-Large Elections

31
Q

Elections in which the voters in one district or ward of a jurisdiction (city, county, school district) vote for a candidate to represent that district.

A

District (Ward) Elections

32
Q

Candidates compete at large and voters can cast as many votes as there are seats to be filled, either as a bloc for one candidate or spread out among several candidates.

A

Cumulative Voting

33
Q

An annual event at which a town’s residents enact ordinances, elect officials, levy taxes, and adopt a budget.

A

Town Meeting

34
Q

A type of special district funded by non-tax revenue and governed by an appointed board.

A

Public Authority

35
Q

A means of distributing funds (primarily to school districts) to reduce financial disparities among districts.

A

Equalization Formula

36
Q

A theory of government that asserts that a small group possesses power and rules society.

A

Elite Theory

37
Q

A theory of government that asserts that multiple, open, competing groups possess power and rule society.

A

Pluralist Theory

38
Q

A method for studying community power in which researchers ask informants to name and rank influential individuals.

A

Reputational Approach

39
Q

A method for studying community power in which researchers identify key issues and the individuals who are active in the decision-making process.

A

Decisional Method

40
Q

The informal arrangements that surround and complement the formal workings of governmental authority.

A

Regime

41
Q

Private sector groups that carry out charitable, educational, religious, literary, service, or scientific functions.

A

Nonprofit Organizations

42
Q

A condition characterized by a large number of groups and interests.

A

Hyperpluralism

43
Q

A government action assuming ownership of real property by eminent domain.

A

Taking

44
Q

The de-emphasis of race in politics, especially in campaigns, so that there is less racial bloc voting.

A

Deracialization

45
Q

A period in the early twentieth century that focused on reforming or cleaning up government.

A

Progressive Era

46
Q

A label used in some communities for members of a local legislative body, such as a city council.

A

Aldermen

47
Q

A rule that limits the powers of local government to those expressly granted by the state or those powers closely linked to the express powers.

A

Dillon’s Rule

48
Q

A shift in power from state government to local government.

A

Second-Order Devolution

49
Q

Measures that take the financial sting out of state mandates.

A

Mandate-Reimbursement Requirements

50
Q

New boom towns featuring retail shops and malls, restaurants, office buildings, and housing developments, far from the central city.

A

Edge Cities

51
Q

Development characterized by low population density, rapid land consumption, and dependence on the automobile.

A

Urban Sprawl

52
Q

A charge levied on new development to offset some of the costs of providing services.

A

Impact Fee

53
Q

Government efforts to limit urban sprawl by managing growth.

A

Smart Growth

54
Q

Entities, especially unofficial ones, that functions like governments.

A

Shadow Governments

55
Q

An area-wide structure for local governance, designed to replace multiple jurisdictions.

A

Regional Governments

56
Q

The merger of city and county governments into a single jurisdictions.

A

City-County Consolidation

57
Q

The theory that individuals shop around to find a local government whose taxes and services are in line with their own preferences.

A

Public Choice Theory

58
Q

Formal organizations of general-purpose governments in an area, intended to improve regional coordination.

A

Councils of Government

59
Q

The replacement of lower-value housing and businesses with higher-value residential and commercial development. Property values increase and longtime residents are often displaced.

A

Gentrification

60
Q

An anti-suburban, pro-small-town version of city planning.

A

New Urbanism

POLS 3030 (9 decks)

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