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Z-Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the duct system of the male reproductive system?

A

2 epididymis

2 vas deferens

2 ejaculatory ducts

1 urethra

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2
Q

What are the accessory glands to the male reproductive system?

A

2 seminal vesicles

2 bulbourethral glands

1 prostate

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3
Q

What are the testes made up of?

A

Seminiferous Tubules

Function to form sperm

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4
Q

What is the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules?

A

Made in tubules, travel through RETE TESTIS (joining of all tubules), leave via EFFERENT DUCTULES into epididymis (where they can be stored)

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5
Q

What are in between the seminiferous tubules? What do they do?

A

Interstitial (LEYDIG) cells that produce testosterone

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6
Q

What stimulates the interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules to release testosterone? What are the functions of testosterone?

A

LH secreted by the anterior pituitary

  • regulates metabolism
  • stimulates growth spurts
  • underlies sex drive
  • prompts reproductive organ development and secondary sex traits
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7
Q

What are features and functions of the epididymis ?

A

Comma shaped, tightly coiled along top and behind each testis

Stores matures perms for 1-3 weeks, expels sperm into VAS DEFERENS

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8
Q

What are features and functions of the vas deferens?

A

Muscular tube from epididymis to ejaculatory duct using peristalsis

Joins with SEMINAL VESICLE

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9
Q

Where does urethra start? Where does sperm enter it?

A

Starts at bladder

Sperm enters at ejaculatory duct (prostate gland)

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10
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located? What is their purpose?

A

Gland at base of bladder

Secretes thick yellows alkaline liquid (60% of Semen vol, allowing Sperm to travel)

Contains fructose, vitamin C, lipids to nourish and activate sperm

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11
Q

Where is the probate located? What does it do?

A

Doughnut shaped gland encircling urethra directly below bladder

Add slightly acidic, watery, milky secretion to seminal fluid (30% of vol)

Helps with sore activation, viability and mobility

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12
Q

What are bulbourethral glands and what is their purpose?

A

Small pea shaped gland below prostate

Secretes clear, thick, alkaline mucous to cleanse urethra of acidic urine
Serves as lubricant
Counteracts acidity in female vagina

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of the scrotum?

A

Contains a testis, epiditymis, lower vas deferens

Maintains 3 degrees lower than body temp (34 degrees) to protect sperm viability

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14
Q

What are primary spermatocytes?

A

Ddiploid sperm cells that are produced from birth to puberty through MITOSIS

FSH then stimulates them to undergo MEIOSIS when puberty hits (become SPERMATIDS)

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15
Q

What happens to SPERMATIDS?

A

Mature into sperm cells (takes about 64-72 days)

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16
Q

What activates spermatogenesis?

A

Increased testosterone levels and release of FSH

17
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

A set of one maternal and one paternal chromosomes coding for the same gene

18
Q

What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?

A

Produce offspring

Produce gametes

Provide protection to developing offspring

19
Q

What is the duct system for the female reproductive system?

A

Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

20
Q

What are gonads?

A

Reproductive organs

Ovaries- female
Testes- male

21
Q

What are characteristics of the ovaries?

A

Sac like structures located on each side of uterus

Composed of thousands of OVARIAN FOLLICLES

Follicles contain immature gametes called OOCYTES

22
Q

What are the stages of ovarian follicle development?

A

Primary follicle- contains immature oocyte, surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells

Graffiti follicle- growing follicle containing maturing oocyte

Ovulation- follicle ruptures to release mature OVUM every 28 days

Ruptures follicle turns into CORPUS LUTEUM that continues to grow

23
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus LUTEUM?

A

Acts as an endocrine gland after rupture of follicle

Excretes progesterone to keep endometrium lining of uterus viable for implantation (thick)

Also suppresses development of a new follicle to maintain pregnancy and placenta

If pregnancy does not occur, degenerates into CORPUS ALBICAN

24
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Produce ova

Oogenesis

Function as endocrine organs that secrete progesterone and estrogen

25
Q

What are OOCYTES.

A

Immature eggs that mature in ovarian follicles

26
Q

What are the steps of oogenesis?

A

Before birth, stem cells specific to female are present (oogonia)

Oogonia undergo mitosis to form PRIMARY OOCYTES (before birth)

Primary oocytes become encased in primary follicles where they await meiosis

Meiosis 1 is initiated, but stops at prophase 1 until puberty when FSH stimulates maturation

Meiosis 1 continues, and produces a haploid secondary oocyte as well as the first polar body

When sperm penetrates egg, meiosis 2 occurs

27
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

28
Q

What is the structure of the Fallopian tubes and the ovaries?

A

Fallopian tubes attach to uterus at end of uterine tubes

Do not physically attach to ovaries

Fimbrae- finger like projections receive the oocyte when follicle ruptures and transport it through Fallopian tube using cilia

29
Q

What are some characteristics of the uterus?

A

Hollow, pear shaped organ located above the bladder and between the rectum

2 main parts- CERVIX and BODY

30
Q

What is the main purpose of the uterus?

A

Receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized egg

Permits sperm to ascent towards uterine tubes

Endometrial glands supply embryo with nutrients until placenta forms

31
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium- allows for egg implantation
This lining sloughs off if NO PREGNANCY occurs

Myometrium- smooth muscle layer that contracts

Perimetrium- external layer

32
Q

What are the components of the external genetalia?

A

Vestibule- opening of urethera

Labia- fat and connective tissue that provides protection

Clitoris- constrains erectile tissue corresponding to male penis

33
Q

How long does it take the ova to reach the uterus?

A

4-5 days

34
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Cyclic changes to the endometrium lining

Important to prepare uterus for implantation

Controlled by cyclic production of estrogen and progesterone

Stages-
menses: endometrium sheds
Proliferation stage: regeneration of endometrium
Secretory stage: endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation

35
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

Production of ova- FSH starts, estrogen maintains

Follicular phase: follicles mature (estrogen)

Ovulation: release of ovum (estrogen increase and surge of LH)

Luteal phase: corpus luteum secretes estrogen(lower) and progesterone

36
Q

What does estrogen do in the female reproductive system?

A

Produced by follicle cells

  • secondary sex characteristics (breaths, public hair, fat, wider hips)
  • controls menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle
  • begins menses
37
Q

What does progesterone do in female system?

A

Produced in corpus luteum and placenta

Helps maintain endometrium in anticipation of pregnancy

Z-Biology (13 decks)

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