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Z-Biology > Chapter 23 + 24- General & Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 23 + 24- General & Special Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are general sense receptors?

A

Temperature- free nerve ending (most widely distributed)

Pressure/touch

  • tactile (Meissner corpuscle)
  • Lamellar (Pacini Carpuscle)

Pain- free nerve ending

Free nerve endings are nerves ending in small hairs without organs

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2
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A

Smell (olfaction)

Taste (gustatory)

Sight

Hearing

Equilibrium

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3
Q

What is the olfaction purpose and how does it work?

A

Smell

Chemoreceptors on roof of nasal cavity detect chemical changes and fire action potential by the Cranial Nerve I to the brain

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4
Q

What is the gustatory sense?

A

Taste

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5
Q

What are the three kinds of papillae and what are their purpose? Where are they found?

A

Fungiform- front of tongue. Taste buds

Circumvallate- back of tongue. Taste buds

Filiform- between fungiform and circumvallate. No taste buds. Perceive texture

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6
Q

What is the purpose of taste buds?

A

Taste buds house the gustatory chemoreceptors whose hairs are stimulated when chemicals dissolve in saliva

Each taste bud responds most effectively one of the five primary taste sensations

  • sour
  • sweet
  • bitter
  • umami (savoury)
  • salty
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7
Q

What nerves are part of the gustatory sense?

A

Facial nerve- CN VII

Glossopharyngeal nerve- CN IX

Vargas nerve- CN X

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8
Q

What is a sense organ and what are their purpose?

A

Organs that enable the body to respond to stimuli caused by changes to internal or external environment

Two types- general and special

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9
Q

Which organ is responsible for two senses?

A

Ear

Hearing and equilibrium

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10
Q

What are the sensory receptors in the ear?

A

Mechanoreceptors

Respond to touch and sound

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11
Q

What are the components of the outer ear?

A

Pinna (auricle)- cartilage part

External auditory canal

  • narrow chamber lined with skin
  • location of ceremonious glands
  • ends at tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Outer ear is responsible for hearing only, not equilibrium

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12
Q

What are the components of the middle ear?

A

Air filled cavity

Three auditory ossicles
-Malleus moves when ear drum vibrates and strangers sound to inner ear through ossicles

Middle ear opening

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13
Q

What are the three auditory ossicles called?

A

Malleus (hammer)

Incus(anvil)

Stapes (stirrup)

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14
Q

What are the openings of the middle ear?

A

Opening from external acoustic Mateus (ear canal) is covered by tympanic membrane

Oval window- stapes sits over this

Round window- covered by membrane. Below oval window

Auditory tube- opening that connects middle ear with throat (allows for pressure equalization during yawning and swallowing)

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15
Q

What is the fluid that fills the inner ear called?

A

Perilymph

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16
Q

What Is The bony labyrinth?

A

Maze of bony chambers in the inner ear, making up the

Vestibule (balance)
Cochlea (hearing)
Semicircular canals (balance)

17
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth?

A

Within bony labyrinth.

Inside vestibule (balance)
Cochlea (hearing)
Semicircular canals (balance)
18
Q

What is the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth called?

A

Endolymph

19
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Hearing organ within the membranous cochlea

Walls of cochlea membrane (basilar membrane) in the organ of corti have hairs that move to detect sound

20
Q

What are the two nerves in the inner ear that help with hearing and what nerve do they make up?

A

Vestibular and cochlear

Make up the vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII

Nerve impulses sent to auditory cortex

21
Q

What are the two types of equilibrium and what is their purpose?

A

Static equilibrium- ability to sense position of head relative go gravity as well as acceleration/deceleration

Dynamic equilibrium- balance while moving

22
Q

What are the macula and how do they work?

A

Receptors in the vestibule of the inner ear

  • reports position of the head
  • hairs embedded in gelatinous otolithic membrane move/bend when pressure changes and relay information via vestibular nerve
23
Q

What is the sense organ with the most sensory receptors?

A

The eye- 70% of all sensory receptors

24
Q

What is the mucous membrane that sits in the eyelid?

A

Conjunctiva

connects to surface of eye and secretes mucous for lubrication

25
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Consists of gland above the eye that produces lacrimal fluid (tears)

And lacrimal canals that drain lacrimal fluid from eyes

To lacrimal sac (tube connecting lacrimal canal and nose)

Eventually out the nasolacrimal duct (hole from lacrimal sac to nose)

-protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye

26
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

The muscles connecting to the eyeball allowing movement.

Controlled by cranial nerves

27
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye and what part of the nervous system controls them?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Iris
Ciliary Muscle-controls shape of lens
Lens-biconvex. Focuses light rays on retina

28
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eyeball and what does it include?

A

Fibrous layer

  • sclera (protective tissue)
  • cornea (transparent bulb in front of iris and lens)
29
Q

What forms the white of the eye?

A

Sclera- fibrous layer

30
Q

What two types of photoreceptors make up the retina?

A

Rods and cones

31
Q

What are cones and what is their purpose?

A

Allow for colour vision

Located in centre of retina

At the location of the optic nerve there is the optic disk- no rods or cones (blond spot)

32
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

Are of the retina with only cones

33
Q

What are rods and what is their purpose?

A

Allow for dim light vision, peripheral vision

Black and grays

34
Q

Which cranial nerve is the optic nerve?

A

CN II

35
Q

What are the different cavities of the eyeball?

A

Anterior cavity - divided into anterior chamber and posterior chamber. Located in cornea and around lens

Filled with aqueous humour

Posterior cavity- larger cavity. Entire space behind lens.

Filled with vitreous humor (gel)

36
Q

What is the purpose of the cavities in the eye?

A

To maintain pressure and shape

To provide nutrients to eye

37
Q

What is the process of sight?

A

Light is first refracted onto retina by cornea, aqueous humour, lens , and vitreous humor

(Lens flat when seeing far- ciliary muscles relaxed
Lens round when seeing near- ciliary muscles contracted)

Photoreceptors respond to light and sent neural impulse through CN II

Visual cortex of occipital lobe processes

38
Q

What is the middle layer of the eyeball and what is its purpose?

A

Vascular layer

  • choroid (blood rich nutrient layer)
  • ciliary body/muscles (changes shape of lens)
  • Iris
39
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eye and what are its components ?

A

Inner layer

  • retina
  • optic nerve
  • blood vessels

Z-Biology (13 decks)

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