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Z-Biology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main purpose of the digestive system?

A

Prepares nutrients for absorption and use by body cells

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2
Q

What are the two main portions of the digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal- continuous hollow tube

Accessory organs

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3
Q

What are the 7 organs of the alimentary canal?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine 
Anus
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4
Q

From the innermost to outermost, what are the layers of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis (muscle)
Serosa (peritoneum)

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5
Q

What is the main purpose of the mouth?

A

Mastication

Mixed food with saliva for chemical digestion in addition to mechanical digestion

Taste

Swallowing with tongue

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6
Q

What is the main purpose of the pharynx?

A

Tube going from mouth to esophagus

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the esophagus?

A

First segment of DIGESTIVE TUBE

Food propelled by peristalsis

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8
Q

What are some main characteristics of the stomach?

A

Capacity about 1-1.5 L

-position changing during deep breaths and after eating (related to dyspnea)

Lesser (lengthier) curvature
Greater (shorter) curvature

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9
Q

What are the different components of the stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter allows foot to enter

From top to bottom, regions are :

Cardiac region
Fundus (expands and collapses)
Body
Pylorus- funnel shaped end

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10
Q

What is the sphincter between the stomach and the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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11
Q

What is produced in the stomach?

A

Chyme

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12
Q

What are the folds in the stomach called and what is their purpose?

A

Rugae - allow for expansion

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13
Q

Is anything absorbed in the stomach?

A

Only alcohol and aspirin

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14
Q

What is the mucosa in the stomach?

A

Gastric mucosa

Simple columnar epithelium

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15
Q

What are the layers of the gastric mucosa from innermost to outermost?

A

Mucosa neck cells- produces alkaline mucus to protect from stomach acids

Chief cells- produce proteins: pepsinogen and rennin

Parietal cells- produces HCl

Enteroendocrine cells- stimulate gastrin to release digestive chemicals

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16
Q

What are the holes in the stomach called?

A

Gastric pits- folding in mucosa layer to house various gastric glands

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17
Q

Is the stomach chemical or mechanical digestion?

A

Both. Enzymes and physical churning

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18
Q

What is GERD?

A

Heart burn

Gastroesophegeal reflux disease

Backwards flow of stomach acid through lower esophageal sphincter into esophagus

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the stomach?

A

Acts as storage tank

Churns to mix contents

Site of food breakdown

Chemical breakdown of protein begins with PEPSINOGEN

Releases gastrin to regulate digestive functions

Delivers chyme to small intestines

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of the small intestine?

A

Long muscular tube roughly 2.5 cm diameter and 6m long

  • MAJOR digestive organ
  • site of nutrient absorption
  • ends at ileocecal valve (attachment to large intestines)
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21
Q

What are the divisions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum- 25cm, shaped like a C. Attached to stomach.
  • jejunum - attached to duedenum (2.5 m long)
  • ileum - from jejunum to large intestines(3.5 m long)
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22
Q

What are the organs of absorption in the small intestine?

A

Deep folds in mucosa and su mucosa (plicae folds) have VILLI

villi- finger like projections use to increase surface area and increase absorption

Each villi has lacteal vessels, arterioles, and venules- also covered in BRUSH BORDER, 1700 ultrafine microvilli PER CELL

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23
Q

What are the structures of the villi?

A

Absorptive cells- ENTEROCYTES (microvilli. Main site of absorption

Blood capillaries

Lacteals

Peyers patches (lymphatic tissue in submucosa to fight bacterial invasion) - most numerous at end of small intestine

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24
Q

Where does the most digestion occur?

A

Duodenum

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25
Q

What are some characteristics of the large intestine?

A

Larger than small intestine in diameter

Have microvilli, but no villi

Site of WATER ABSORBTION

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26
Q

What are the components of the large intestine?

A

Cecum- saclike

Appendix- protrusion. Reservoir for gut bacteria. Accumulation of lymphatic tissue

Ascending colon (transverse)

Descending colon (sigmoid)

Rectum

Anus

27
Q

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

A

Eliminates indigestible food

Does NOT digest food

Contains goblet cells- intestinal mucous cells that produce alkaline mucous that coats feces and reduces acidity.

28
Q

What are the 5 accessory organs to digestion?

A

Salivary glands

Teeth

Pancreas

Liver

Gall bladder

29
Q

What are the three Salvatore glands and what is their purpose?

A

Paranoid, submandibular, sublingual

Produce saliva that contains salivary amylase- begins starch digestion

Dissolved so chemicals can be tasted

30
Q

What is the main purpose of teeth?

A

Mastication

Mechanical digestion

31
Q

What are the two portions of the pancreas and what do they do?

A

Exocrine portion- tiny ducts unite to form pancreatic duct, which secreted enzymes into duodenum

Endocrine portion- cells in pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon into blood stream

32
Q

What is the overall function of the pancreas?

A

Produce digestive enzymes that break down ALL food

Pancreatic AMYLASE, TRYPSINS, LIPASES, NUCLEASES

Alkaline fluid secreted to neutralize acid in chyme from stomach

33
Q

What is the difference between digestion and metabolism?

A

Digestion- break down of ingested food and absorption of nutrients into blood

Metabolism- production of ATP (both anabolic and catabolic activities)

34
Q

What are some characteristics of the liver?

A

Largest gland in body (1.5kg)

Right side of body under diaphragm

Connected to gallbladder at HEPATIC DUCT

35
Q

What is the relationship between the liver and the gallbladder?

A

Gallbladder is found embedded in a hollow fossa of the liver

CYSTIC DUCT extends from gall bladder, which COMMON HEPATIC DUCT extends from liver.
-Joining of two ducts forms BILE DUCT into duodenum

(Liver secretes bile, gallbladder stores it)

Used for emulsification of fats

36
Q

What is bile made up of and what is its purpose?

A
  • bile salts
  • bile pigment- BILIRUBIN (yellow breakdown of heme)
  • cholesterol
  • phospholipids
  • electrolytes
37
Q

What are the metabolic roles of the liver?

A
  • removes amino acids, fatty acids, Glucose from blood
  • stores and activates vitamins, minerals, and drugs
  • stores glucose as glycogen
  • maintains blood glucose levels by converting between glucose and glycogen
  • synthesizes non essential amino acids
  • produces blood proteins
  • manufactures heparin
  • makes cholesterol
  • forms bile for fat emulsification
  • bile excretes bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytes
  • degrades hormones and bilirubin
  • detoxifies ammonia into urea
  • produces enzymes to detoxify drugs and alcohol
  • liver will store poison to prevent circulation
38
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Chronic liver disease

-degeneration of cells, inflammation, fibrous thickening of tissues

Usually result of hepatitis or alcoholism

DEATH OF LIVER CELLS

39
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of liver caused by virus, poison, or autoimmune condition

40
Q

What is the main purpose of the digestive function?

A

To bring essential nutrients into internal environment for body cells.

41
Q

What are the three mechanisms of digestion?

A

Ingestion- food into mouth

Digestion- breakdown of complex nutrients into smaller ones (mechanical and chemical)

Secretion- release of digestive fluids

42
Q

What some examples of mechanical digestion?

A

ALL MOVEMENT THROUGH DIGESTIVE TRACT

mixing of food- in mouth by tongue

Churning of food- in stomach

Segmentation- broken into small pieces in S Intestine

43
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Forward and back movement to aid with mixing food into gastric juices

44
Q

What are the broken down forms of each of the major nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates- simple sugars

Proteins- amino acids

Fats- monoglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol

45
Q

What are some factors influencing chemical digestion and what do they do?

A

Saliva- amylase (starch) and lingual lipase (lipids)

Gastric juice(stomach)- pepsin and HCl?(proteins)
                                         Rennin- milk proteins

Pancreatic juice- pancreatic lipase(fat)
Pancreatic amylase (starch)
Trypsin (protein)
Nuclease (nucleic acid)

Gallbladder(Into duodenum)- bile(fat emulsification)

Small intestine- peptidases, sucrase, Maltase, lactase (all found in brush border

46
Q

What are the duodenal hormones?

A

Gastrin- stimulates HCl and Pepsin

Secretin- increases pancreatic juice and bile secretion

Cholecystokinin (CCK)- stimulates bile from gallbladder and secretion of pancreatic juice

Gastrin inhibitory peptide- inhibits gastric secretion: stimulates insulin release to uptake glucose

47
Q

What are some physical mechanisms of digestion?

A

Motility (propulsion)- moving food from one part of system to another

  • swallowing
  • peristalsis- wavelike- SINGLE DIRECTION
48
Q

How does movement in the stomach work?

A

Peristaltic contractions happen, mixing food well with acids, creating CHYME before passing through pyloric sphincter

Enters S intestine 30ml at a time.

Stomach empties in 4-6 hours

49
Q

How does movement in the small and large intestines work?

A

Peristalsis and segmentation in small,

sluggish peristalsis in large- 3/4 time a day

50
Q

What are some mechanisms of absorption?

A

Simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids enter GI mucosa into lymph or blood capillaries

51
Q

Where does the majority of digestion take place?

A

Small intestines

Absorbed and transported to liver via HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

52
Q

What are the absorptive traits of the large intestine?

A

No digestive enzymes

Ideal pH is 5.9-6.9

Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients

Mostly water absorption (also vit K and B)

53
Q

What is defecation?

A

Elimination of indigestible substance

Water, inorganic salts, bacteria, cells, undirected food, products of decomposition

54
Q

What controls digestive activity?

A

Duodenal hormones

Parasympathetic nervous system

Chemical and mechanical reactions during digestion

55
Q

What are the types of nutrients? What is a nutrient?

A

Substances used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair

Macronutrients- LARGE AMOUNTS needed (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Micronutrients- SMALL AMOUNTS needed (vitamins, minerals)

Also need water

56
Q

What is a calorie?

A

Amount of heat required to raise temp of 1kg water by 1 degree C

57
Q

What are some sources of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and starches:

Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Disaccharides

Monosaccharides

Glucose

EXCEPTION- lactose in milk

58
Q

What is a dietary source of lipids?

A

Triglycerides

Saturated- animal products and coconut

Unsaturated- nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

59
Q

What is a dietary source of proteins?

A

Proteins make up 50% of organic matter in body

Complete proteins- all 20 amino acids- animal products

Incomplete proteins- plant foods (legumes or beans)

60
Q

What is gastrin?

A

Stomach secretes when digesting

Stimulates secretion of gastric juice rich in pepsin and HCl

61
Q

What is GIP?

A

Intestinal mucosa in response to nutrients

Inhibits gastric secretion and enhancing insulin secretion

62
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Secreted by intestines in response to acid

Inhibits gastric secretion, stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice high in alkalinity

63
Q

What is cholecystokinin?

A

Secreted by intestines in response to nutrients

Stimulates bile ejection

64
Q

What hormones are responsible for digesting proteins?

A

Pepsin (activated by HCl from PEPSINOGEN), trypsin

Z-Biology (13 decks)

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