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Z-Biology > Chapter 18- Nervous Systems And Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 18- Nervous Systems And Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites- into cell

Axon- out of cell (myelinated and unmyelinated)

Cell body- houses nucleus and mitochondria

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2
Q

What is myelin? What kinds of cells have myelin?

A

Myelin is a conductive sheath that covers the axon of select neurons- produces rapid nerve impulses

-specifically Schwann and oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps in between myelin units

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4
Q

What are the 5 types of glia and what do they do?

A

Astrocytes- transfer nutrients from blood to neuron

Microglia- phagocytic cells that pick up bacteria and dead cells

Ependymal cells- line brain and spinal cord. Cilia to direct cerebral fluid flow

Oligodendrocytes- hold nerve fibres together and produce myelin sheath

Schwann cells- same as oligodendrocytes, but capable of regeneration. Found only in PNS

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5
Q

What are afferent and efferent neurons?

A

Afferent- send message from special receptors to CNS

Efferent- send message from CNS to muscle (effector)

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6
Q

What is the process of a reflex arc and why is it important?

A

Receptor detects stimulus(pain)

Afferent neuron sends message to CNS

Message hits interneurons (CNS but NOT brain) that transmits on to efferent neuron

efferent neuron sends message from CNS to effector

Effector pulls away from pain

Important for rapid response- direct route from sensory neuron to effector

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7
Q

When at rest, what are the charges on either side of a neurons plasma membrane?

A

Outside: + (Na)

Inside: - (K+)

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8
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

Change the permeability of neuron membrane, changing charge and creating action potential (depolarization)

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9
Q

What is the process of depolarization?

A

Stimulus depolarizer neuron membrane

Na+ diffuses inside, making inside positive

Change in polarity fires action potential

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10
Q

What is the process of repolarization?

A

K+ channels open to repolarize membrane

K+ moves out of cell

Inside of cell becomes negative again

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11
Q

What is another name for action potential? What is it?

A

Nerve impulse

Electrical fluctuation that travels along neuron

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12
Q

What happens after repolarization?

A

Sodium-potassium pump restores original configuration (K+ on inside) using ATP

Restored ion state

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13
Q

What is a synaptic nob? What is a synaptic cleft?

A

Knob- end of neurons axon- contains neurotransmitters

Cleft- gap between 2 neurons. Dendrite has receptors that will be stimulated by neurotransmitters released by synaptic knob

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14
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system and what are their functions?

A

Neurons- transmit messages

Glia- support and provide nutrients to neurons (5 different types of glia)

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15
Q

What are the two main portions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system- nerves that connect body parts to brain

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16
Q

What are the three main functions of the CNS?

A

Integrates sensory information coming in

Evaluates information

Initiates response

17
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum- speech, memory, consciousness

Diencephalon- homeostasis (thirst etc) fight or flight assessment, emotion

Brain Stem-survival, heart rate, sleep, BP, cranial nerves

Cerebellum- Motor coordination, balance, posture

18
Q

What are the three elements of protection for the brain?

A

Meninges- inner covering

CSF- cushion for brain and spinal cord

Blood Brain Barrier

19
Q

What is the blood brain barrier and how does it work?

A

System of filtering capillaries that carry blood to brain and spinal cord

  • selectively permeable
  • water, o2, co2, glucose, alcohol cross easily
  • drugs do not cross easily
20
Q

What are the two types of matter that make up the spine and what is the difference between them?

A

White matter (myelinated) - conduction routes,

Ascending and descending tracks made of axons

Grey matter- receives sensory information from peripheral receptors (dorsal grey horn)

Sends out koror information from brain to peripheral muscles etc (ventral grey horn)

21
Q

What are the two divisions both the CNS and the PNS are divided into?

A

Sensory (afferent) - provide incoming info to brain

Motor (efferent)- outgoing

22
Q

What are the two divisions of the efferent portion of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system- carry information to SOMATIC EFFECTORS (things we control)

Autonomic nervous system- carry information to VISCERAL EFFECTORS (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, etc)

23
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic- fight or flight

Parasympathetic- rest and repair

Z-Biology (13 decks)

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