Final

Question 1

what are the layers of hippocampus ?

Answer 1

HC is archicortex : it has three layers :
Molecular layer (on surface)
Middle layer is granule cell layer in the dentate (neurogenisis)
Middle layer is pyramidal cell layer in HC proper (CA)
Polymorphic layer (deepest )

subiculum is a transition structure and changes from 3 layers to 6 layers .

Question 2

inputs to HC ?

Answer 2

Associations cortices , cingulum and olfactory cortex to entorhinal cortex. (blue lines in fig from book)
HC then receives inputs mostly from entohuinal cortex
entorhinal to dentate gyrus
Dentate to CAs
Direct input from amygdala
Some input from fornix
(from septal nuclei) and HC commisire (sits under splenium)

Question 3

output from HC ?

Answer 3

Fornix is major source of HC output arising mostly from the subiculum
Some goes out through entorhinal , some goes out through fornix
Alveus to fimbria to crux fornix to body fornix (some cross to other HC via HC commisure) to columns fornix (most go on through hypothalamus to mammillary bodies ) other info toes to septal nuclei and ventral striatum
some goes directly to anterior nucleus of thalamus
(Mammamillothalamic tract from MB to anterior nucleus of thalamus)
other info goes to OFC and ACC

Question 4

Papez cercuit ?

Answer 4

anterior nucleus of thalamus -> cingulate gyrus -> entorhinal cortex -> hippocampus -> fornix -> mammillary bodies -> mammillothalamic tract -> anterior nucleus of thalamus

Question 5

Hippocampus responsible for ________, storage of these memories seem to be in ______.

Answer 5

Hippocampus responsible for making declarative memory, storage of these memories seem to be in neocortical circuitry.

Question 6

Damage to HC impairs ability to ________ but so does damage to _____

Answer 6

Damage to HC impairs ability to consolidate new memories (HM) but so does damage to medial diencephalon (MB, fornix, septal nuclei)

Question 7

Chronic alcoholism can damage ____________ (secondary to damage to PAG and periventricular gray matter, can affect fornix)

Answer 7

Chronic alcoholism can damage MB and DM nucleus of hypothalamus (secondary to damage to PAG and periventricular gray matter, can affect fornix)

Question 8

Treatment with thiamine supplement helps ____ but not ____

Answer 8

Treatment with thiamine supplement helps confabulation but not amnesia

Question 9

Amygdala (basolateral nucleus) interacts with hippocampus to _________, the autonomic response is via ______

Answer 9

Amygdala (basolateral nucleus) interacts with hippocampus to make emotional association, the autonomic response is via central nuclei
these associations strengthen with recall/repairing of them to become automatic (hear theme song to classic horror movie, feel scared)
along with paining comes protein synthesis to consolidate the memory in the amygdala

Question 10

The basal ganglia are responsible for _____ and _____

Works via _____ loops and loops with other association cortex

Answer 10

The basal ganglia are responsible for learning skills and habits (eventually unconsciously) and combining info in probabilities / patterns
Works via fronto-straital loops and loops with other association cortex

Question 11

Cerebellum is also involved in different types of learning : _______ , ______, _____, and early stages of _____

Answer 11

Cerebellum is also involved in different types of learning : classical conditioning, eye blink conditioning (classic rabbit studies), perceptual learning, and early stages of motor-related learning