Cortical Structures II

Question 1

area on superior temporal gyrus (posterior to A1) (Wernicke’s) _ longer in left and correlates with language and handedness measures

Answer 1

area on superior temporal gyrus (posterior to A1) (Wernicke’s) 10x longer in left and correlates with language and handedness measures

Question 2

Generally speaking for most people:
_________ functions are left lateralised
_________ (eg spatial) functions are right lateralised
This holds true in each cortical lobe and in each domain of cognition

Answer 2

Generally speaking for most people:
Verbal functions are left lateralised
Nonverbal (eg spatial) functions are right lateralised
This holds true in each cortical lobe and in each domain of cognition

Question 3

The primary language network is the ________

Answer 3

The primary language network is the perisylvian language zone

Question 4

the perisylvian language zone

Answer 4

connects Broca’s area in the frontal with Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe along the lateral salcus (overlaps with arcuate fasciculus )
However this has never explained the wide variety of language problems (aphasias) seen with damage.
Newer research shows the network is more inclusive : in addition to the classic direct medial pathway (arcuate in red), there are also indirect lateral pathways : from Broca’s to inferior parietal (green) and from inferior parietal to Wernicke’s (yellow)`

Question 5

which area associated with this stroke ?

“panic .. flying kite.. swimming.. house… tree … pouring.. boat … tree.. “- Non fluent / problem with production

Answer 5

Stroke damaged Broca’s

Question 6

which area associated with this stroke ?

fluent but not correct / problem with comprehension

Answer 6

Stroke damaged Wernicke’s

Question 7

Generally, more ____ damage leads to production problems, more _____ damage leads to comprehension problems (paraphasia, neologisms, word salads)

Answer 7

Generally, more anterior damage leads to production problems, more posterior damage leads to comprehension problems (paraphasia, neologisms, word salads)

Question 8

what is Prosody and where it is localized ?

Answer 8

Prosody - the rhythmic or musical aspects of speech = is localised in the right hemisphere

Question 9

Production of prosody in ________, comprehension or prosody in ______ region

Answer 9

Production of prosody in right inferior frontal, comprehension or prosody in temproparietal region

Question 10

Frontal damage = __________ ( can’t express tome or emotion in speech or gestures )

Answer 10

Frontal damage = motor aprosodia ( can’t express tome or emotion in speech or gestures )

Question 11

Tempropariteal = ___________ ( can’t understand tone or emotion in speech or gestures )

Answer 11

Tempropariteal = sensory aprosodia ( can’t understand tone or emotion in speech or gestures )

Question 12

Parietal cortex posterior to somatosensory strip is all association cortex collectively called ___________

Answer 12

Parietal cortex posterior to somatosensory strip is all association cortex collectively called posterior parietal cortex (PPC)

Question 13

PPC has both _____ and ____ cortex
Unimodal info comes in from _______ and goes out to ______ areas
Damage to unimodal PPC leads to ______ (lack of knowledge) that are sensory specific

Answer 13

PPC has both unimodal and heteromodal cortex
Unimodal info comes in from visual auditory, sensory cortex (to IPS) and goes out to premotor areas
Damage to unimodal PPC leads to agnosias (lack of knowledge) that are sensory specific
(can’t regonize someone when you see their face, but when you hear him you know him)

Question 14

The rest of PPC is heteromodal association cortex that is involved in ______ and ______
integrates information about the outside world with ___, ____ , ___ and ____
Right PPC damage results in _____ : difficulty spatially orienting to anything on the left side of the body/visual felid

Answer 14

The rest of PPC is heteromodal association cortex that is involved in integration and higher level processing
integrates information about the outside world with body parts in space, factoring in motivation , attention and relevance of different parts
Right PPC damage results in contralateral neglect : difficulty spatially orienting to anything on the left side of the body/visual felid
(often can’t realise that something is wrong (neglect), or can’t even identify limbs as their own body parts)

Question 15

Posterior parietal shown to be important for ____ and ____
damage to R PPC sometimes causes general deficit in ____ (cann’t read a map or find familiar location )
Oddly, L PPC damage does not show spatial deficit (if so it is transient) - another instance of lateral specialisation in brain

Answer 15

Posterior parietal shown to be important for spatial orientation and attention
damage to R PPC sometimes causes general deficit in spatial orientation (cann’t read a map or find familiar location )
Oddly, L PPC damage does not show spatial deficit (if so it is transient) - another instance of lateral specialisation in brain

Question 16

Just imagining ruining a shape around in space activates ___

Answer 16

Just imagining ruining a shape around in space activates R PPC

Question 17

Touching a texture activates ______ , seeing texture activates _____, but they both also activates _____ for heteromodal processing

Answer 17

Touching a texture activates somatosensory , seeing texture activates visual, but they both also activates IPS for heteromodal processing

Question 18

whereas R PPC is involved in ________ , L PPC is involved in ___________________________

Answer 18

whereas R PPC is involved in spatial orientation , L PPC is involved in putting together pieces of sensory information needed to plan movements accuralty in space

Question 19

L PPC damage leads to ___________ (lack of action)

peculiar deficits : can’t touch nose when asked to do so, but has no problem voluntarily scratching nose when itches

Answer 19

L PPC damage leads to apraxias (lack of action)

peculiar deficits : can’t touch nose when asked to do so, but has no problem voluntarily scratching nose when itches

Question 20

2 major divisions of PFC : __________ and ___________

Answer 20

2 major divisions of PFC :
Dorsalateral PFC and
Ventromedial PFC (orbirofrontal and ACC )

Question 21

________________ The most connected potion of the brain
massively connected with parietal heteromodal cortex, and sensory, motor, auditory unimodal areas (via association fibers)

Answer 21

dlPFC : heteromodal association
The most connected potion of the brain
massively connected with parietal heteromodal cortex, and sensory, motor, auditory unimodal areas (via association fibers)

Question 22

dlPFC largely implicated in ____, ____, manipulation , and _______.
dlPFC damage leads to deficits in _____ and ____ and _____.

Answer 22

dlPFC largely implicated in working memory, planning maintenance, manipulation , and temporary rehearsal of information.
dlPFC damage leads to deficits in planing and problem solving and maintenaing attention.

Question 23

Phineas Gage was injured in ___________

Answer 23

Ventromedial/ Orbitofrontal PFC

Phineas Gage

Question 24

OFC damage can lead to major _______ , _____ , _______ because of connections with limbic areas

Answer 24

OFC damage can lead to major personality changes , poor judgement , uninhibited behaviour (hyper sexuality , hyperagressive) because of connections with limbic areas

Question 25

Corpus Callosum connects mostly _______ , but not exclusively

Answer 25

Corpus Callosum connects mostly homologous regions , but not exclusively

Question 26

Consciouness maintenance and regulation

Modulatory network: ________

Answer 26

Consciouness maintenance and regulation
Modulatory network: brainstem nuclei, reticular activating system (midbrain _ forbrain nuclei (basal nucleus of Meynert) and hypothalamus nuclei.
These nuclei are also ones that produce transmitters

Question 27

Bilateral damage to midbrain or diencephalon or even cortex necessary to induce ____.

Answer 27

Bilateral damage to midbrain or diencephalon or even cortex necessary to induce coma.

Question 28

Brain activity during sleep: is phasic: ____ (paradoxical sleep , rapid eye movement) and ____ phases

Answer 28

Brain activity during sleep: is phasic: REM (paradoxical sleep , rapid eye movement) and non REM phases

Question 29

___ : slow, synchronised EEG (also called slow-wave sleep; i.e. <4Hz or delta waves), muscle tone is reduced , heart rate and beating slowd, no dreaming, cycles ~ 120 min

Answer 29

non-REM

Question 30

____ : high frequency EEG waves that look like awake waves (also called desycncronzed or paradoxical sleep) l difficult to awake from this stage:
no muscle tone, sensory pathway activiation is decreased, heart rate and blood pressure increased, heart rate and breathing become erratic, hypothalamic regulation of body temp ceases, motor pathway firing is inhibited , vivid dreaming

Answer 30

REM

Question 31

Regulation of sleeping and waking transition is performed by the ___ and ___

Answer 31

Regulation of sleeping and waking transition is performed by the brainstem and forebrain

Question 32

Wakefulness in part due to _______ making histamines for excitatory synapses (also explained why anti-histamines make us drowsy), in part by ______ excitatory ACh synapses to cerebral cortex

Answer 32

Wakefulness in part due to hypothalamus making histamines for excitatory synapses (also explained why anti-histamines make us drowsy), in part by basal forebrain excitatory ACh synapses to cerebral cortex

Question 33

__________ in part is what makes us transition to sleep - ____ signal is sent by ___ of hypothalamus (anterior part).

Answer 33

Inhibition of the wakefulness network in part is what makes us transition to sleep - inhibitory signal is sent by pre optic part of hypothalamus (anterior part).

Question 34

cyclic aspect of sleep comes from the ______ , this makes up catch up on sleep if not enough.
as we are awake we build up _____ and sleep get rid of it (caffine blocks it)

Answer 34

cyclic aspect of sleep comes from the biological clock from hypothalamus , this makes up catch up on sleep if not enough.
as we are awake we build up apenosia and sleep get rid of it (caffine blocks it)

Question 35

______ and _____ seem to be due to these NT firing system being out of whack

Answer 35

Narcolepsy and cataplexy seem to be due to these NT firing systen being out of whack

Question 36

_______ associated with deficiency of ____ in the hypothalamus during wakefulness (allowing intrusions of sleep into daytime)

Answer 36

narcolepsy associated with deficiency of orexin neurone in the hypothalamus during wakefulness (allowing intrusions of sleep into daytime)

Question 37

REM sleep behavioural disorders : ______

Answer 37

REM sleep behavioural disorders : failing in REM sleep as acting out of dreams