Cortical Structures II Flashcards
area on superior temporal gyrus (posterior to A1) (Wernicke’s) _ longer in left and correlates with language and handedness measures
area on superior temporal gyrus (posterior to A1) (Wernicke’s) 10x longer in left and correlates with language and handedness measures
Generally speaking for most people:
_________ functions are left lateralised
_________ (eg spatial) functions are right lateralised
This holds true in each cortical lobe and in each domain of cognition
Generally speaking for most people:
Verbal functions are left lateralised
Nonverbal (eg spatial) functions are right lateralised
This holds true in each cortical lobe and in each domain of cognition
The primary language network is the ________
The primary language network is the perisylvian language zone
the perisylvian language zone
connects Broca’s area in the frontal with Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe along the lateral salcus (overlaps with arcuate fasciculus )
However this has never explained the wide variety of language problems (aphasias) seen with damage.
Newer research shows the network is more inclusive : in addition to the classic direct medial pathway (arcuate in red), there are also indirect lateral pathways : from Broca’s to inferior parietal (green) and from inferior parietal to Wernicke’s (yellow)`
which area associated with this stroke ?
“panic .. flying kite.. swimming.. house… tree … pouring.. boat … tree.. “- Non fluent / problem with production
Stroke damaged Broca’s
which area associated with this stroke ?
fluent but not correct / problem with comprehension
Stroke damaged Wernicke’s
Generally, more ____ damage leads to production problems, more _____ damage leads to comprehension problems (paraphasia, neologisms, word salads)
Generally, more anterior damage leads to production problems, more posterior damage leads to comprehension problems (paraphasia, neologisms, word salads)
what is Prosody and where it is localized ?
Prosody - the rhythmic or musical aspects of speech = is localised in the right hemisphere
Production of prosody in ________, comprehension or prosody in ______ region
Production of prosody in right inferior frontal, comprehension or prosody in temproparietal region
Frontal damage = __________ ( can’t express tome or emotion in speech or gestures )
Frontal damage = motor aprosodia ( can’t express tome or emotion in speech or gestures )
Tempropariteal = ___________ ( can’t understand tone or emotion in speech or gestures )
Tempropariteal = sensory aprosodia ( can’t understand tone or emotion in speech or gestures )
Parietal cortex posterior to somatosensory strip is all association cortex collectively called ___________
Parietal cortex posterior to somatosensory strip is all association cortex collectively called posterior parietal cortex (PPC)
PPC has both _____ and ____ cortex
Unimodal info comes in from _______ and goes out to ______ areas
Damage to unimodal PPC leads to ______ (lack of knowledge) that are sensory specific
PPC has both unimodal and heteromodal cortex
Unimodal info comes in from visual auditory, sensory cortex (to IPS) and goes out to premotor areas
Damage to unimodal PPC leads to agnosias (lack of knowledge) that are sensory specific
(can’t regonize someone when you see their face, but when you hear him you know him)
The rest of PPC is heteromodal association cortex that is involved in ______ and ______
integrates information about the outside world with ___, ____ , ___ and ____
Right PPC damage results in _____ : difficulty spatially orienting to anything on the left side of the body/visual felid
The rest of PPC is heteromodal association cortex that is involved in integration and higher level processing
integrates information about the outside world with body parts in space, factoring in motivation , attention and relevance of different parts
Right PPC damage results in contralateral neglect : difficulty spatially orienting to anything on the left side of the body/visual felid
(often can’t realise that something is wrong (neglect), or can’t even identify limbs as their own body parts)
Posterior parietal shown to be important for ____ and ____
damage to R PPC sometimes causes general deficit in ____ (cann’t read a map or find familiar location )
Oddly, L PPC damage does not show spatial deficit (if so it is transient) - another instance of lateral specialisation in brain
Posterior parietal shown to be important for spatial orientation and attention
damage to R PPC sometimes causes general deficit in spatial orientation (cann’t read a map or find familiar location )
Oddly, L PPC damage does not show spatial deficit (if so it is transient) - another instance of lateral specialisation in brain
Just imagining ruining a shape around in space activates ___
Just imagining ruining a shape around in space activates R PPC
Touching a texture activates ______ , seeing texture activates _____, but they both also activates _____ for heteromodal processing
Touching a texture activates somatosensory , seeing texture activates visual, but they both also activates IPS for heteromodal processing
whereas R PPC is involved in ________ , L PPC is involved in ___________________________
whereas R PPC is involved in spatial orientation , L PPC is involved in putting together pieces of sensory information needed to plan movements accuralty in space
L PPC damage leads to ___________ (lack of action)
peculiar deficits : can’t touch nose when asked to do so, but has no problem voluntarily scratching nose when itches
L PPC damage leads to apraxias (lack of action)
peculiar deficits : can’t touch nose when asked to do so, but has no problem voluntarily scratching nose when itches
2 major divisions of PFC : __________ and ___________
2 major divisions of PFC :
Dorsalateral PFC and
Ventromedial PFC (orbirofrontal and ACC )
________________ The most connected potion of the brain
massively connected with parietal heteromodal cortex, and sensory, motor, auditory unimodal areas (via association fibers)
dlPFC : heteromodal association
The most connected potion of the brain
massively connected with parietal heteromodal cortex, and sensory, motor, auditory unimodal areas (via association fibers)
dlPFC largely implicated in ____, ____, manipulation , and _______.
dlPFC damage leads to deficits in _____ and ____ and _____.
dlPFC largely implicated in working memory, planning maintenance, manipulation , and temporary rehearsal of information.
dlPFC damage leads to deficits in planing and problem solving and maintenaing attention.
Phineas Gage was injured in ___________
Ventromedial/ Orbitofrontal PFC
Phineas Gage
OFC damage can lead to major _______ , _____ , _______ because of connections with limbic areas
OFC damage can lead to major personality changes , poor judgement , uninhibited behaviour (hyper sexuality , hyperagressive) because of connections with limbic areas
Corpus Callosum connects mostly _______ , but not exclusively
Corpus Callosum connects mostly homologous regions , but not exclusively
Consciouness maintenance and regulation
Modulatory network: ________
Consciouness maintenance and regulation
Modulatory network: brainstem nuclei, reticular activating system (midbrain _ forbrain nuclei (basal nucleus of Meynert) and hypothalamus nuclei.
These nuclei are also ones that produce transmitters
Bilateral damage to midbrain or diencephalon or even cortex necessary to induce ____.
Bilateral damage to midbrain or diencephalon or even cortex necessary to induce coma.
Brain activity during sleep: is phasic: ____ (paradoxical sleep , rapid eye movement) and ____ phases
Brain activity during sleep: is phasic: REM (paradoxical sleep , rapid eye movement) and non REM phases
___ : slow, synchronised EEG (also called slow-wave sleep; i.e. <4Hz or delta waves), muscle tone is reduced , heart rate and beating slowd, no dreaming, cycles ~ 120 min
non-REM
____ : high frequency EEG waves that look like awake waves (also called desycncronzed or paradoxical sleep) l difficult to awake from this stage:
no muscle tone, sensory pathway activiation is decreased, heart rate and blood pressure increased, heart rate and breathing become erratic, hypothalamic regulation of body temp ceases, motor pathway firing is inhibited , vivid dreaming
REM
Regulation of sleeping and waking transition is performed by the ___ and ___
Regulation of sleeping and waking transition is performed by the brainstem and forebrain
Wakefulness in part due to _______ making histamines for excitatory synapses (also explained why anti-histamines make us drowsy), in part by ______ excitatory ACh synapses to cerebral cortex
Wakefulness in part due to hypothalamus making histamines for excitatory synapses (also explained why anti-histamines make us drowsy), in part by basal forebrain excitatory ACh synapses to cerebral cortex
__________ in part is what makes us transition to sleep - ____ signal is sent by ___ of hypothalamus (anterior part).
Inhibition of the wakefulness network in part is what makes us transition to sleep - inhibitory signal is sent by pre optic part of hypothalamus (anterior part).
cyclic aspect of sleep comes from the ______ , this makes up catch up on sleep if not enough.
as we are awake we build up _____ and sleep get rid of it (caffine blocks it)
cyclic aspect of sleep comes from the biological clock from hypothalamus , this makes up catch up on sleep if not enough.
as we are awake we build up apenosia and sleep get rid of it (caffine blocks it)
______ and _____ seem to be due to these NT firing system being out of whack
Narcolepsy and cataplexy seem to be due to these NT firing systen being out of whack
_______ associated with deficiency of ____ in the hypothalamus during wakefulness (allowing intrusions of sleep into daytime)
narcolepsy associated with deficiency of orexin neurone in the hypothalamus during wakefulness (allowing intrusions of sleep into daytime)
REM sleep behavioural disorders : ______
REM sleep behavioural disorders : failing in REM sleep as acting out of dreams
