Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Location of BG:
________ lateral ventricle
caudate more ______, putamen more ______
caudate head along anterior horn of _____, caudate tail along _____
nucleus accumbens anterior and inferior to ________

Answer 1

around lateral ventricle
caudate more medial, putamen more lateral
caudate head along anterior horn of LV, caudate tail along inferior horn
nucleus accumbens anterior and inferior to striatum

Question 2

SN:
compacta have ____ neurons _____ packed in (as does VTA)
reticularis have ____ neurons and is major output for BG

Answer 2

SN:
compacta have DA neurons densely packed in (as does VTA)
reticularis have loosely packed neurons and is major output for BG

Question 3

Principle loop of BG:
Input: cortex to _____ and to ____ and to ____ nucleus
Output: globus pallidus (internal) to ____ and ____ to ____ to nearby cortex
Input is _____ (glutamate);
Output is _____ (GABA)

Answer 3

Principle loop:
Input: cortex to caudate and to putamen and to subthalamic nucleus
Output: globus pallidus (internal) to thalamus and SN reticularis to thalamus
thalamus to nearby cortex
Input is excitatory (glutamate);
Output is inhibitory (GABA)

Question 4

Within BG connections are largely _________

Answer 4

Within BG connections are largely inhibitory

Question 5

Striatum is somatopically organized :

Body movements are mapped onto the ______ and eye movements are mapped onto ______

Answer 5

Body movements are mapped onto the putamen and eye movements are mapped onto caudate

Question 6

Major BG Interconnections : _______ and ______

Answer 6

Nigrostriatal pathway and Thalamostriate pathways

Question 7

Nigrostriatal pathway: from _____ and _____ to all part of _______ and rest of BG (________ neurons)
implicated in ________ disease

Answer 7

Nigrostriatal pathway: from SNc and VTA to all part of striatum and rest of BG (dopaminergic neurons)
implicated in Parkinson’s disease

Question 8

Thalamostriate pathways: from the ________ nuclei of thalamus (_____ and _____) to the _____ and back to thalamus

Answer 8

Thalamostriate pathways: from the intralaminate nuclei of thalamus (centromedian and parafascicular) to the striatum and back to thalamus

Question 9

Motor cortex to _____ -> _____ & _____ -> ____, ____ and _____ motor cortex
Pt neurons fire for _____ movement and _____ position

Answer 9

Motor cortex to Putamen -> GP & Thalamus -> motor, premotor and supplementary motor cortex
Pt neurons fire for motor movement and body position

Question 10

Association cortex (PFC) to \_\_\_\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_ cortex
Cd neurons rarely motor related, generally \_\_\_\_\_ functions

Answer 10

Association cortex (PFC) to Caudate -> GPi and SNr -> thalamus -> prefrontal cortex
Cd neurons rarely motor related, generally cognitive functions

Question 11

Limbic cortex mainly connects with ___________

Involved in ______________

Answer 11

Limbic cortex mainly connects with ventral striatum

Involved in initiation of drive-related behavior (hunger, eg.)

Question 12

Dorsal striatum is roughly considered to be the ______ and ______
associated with _______ and ________ (either of cognitive or motor info)

Answer 12

Dorsal striatum is roughly considered to be the caudate and putamen
associated with decision-making and initiation (either of cognitive or motor info)

Question 13

Ventral striatum is roughly considered the ________ (plus a little of the above)
associated with ________, ________, ______, ______

Answer 13

Ventral striatum is roughly considered the nucleus accumbens (plus a little of the above)
associated with reward system, motivation, drive, emotion

Question 14

Globus Pallidus has 2 different parts (similar ___ but different ___): _________ and _______

Answer 14

Globus Pallidus has 2 different parts (similar inputs but different outputs) : internal segment and external segment

Question 15

internal segment: provides the _____ of the basal ganglia (along with the substantia nigra reticularis)
receives inhibitory inputs from ________ and excitatory inputs from ______ nucleus
projects mainly to the _______ (via ____)

Answer 15

internal segment: provides the output of the basal ganglia (along with the substantia nigra reticularis)
receives inhibitory inputs from striatum and excitatory inputs from subthalamic nucleus
projects mainly to the thalamus (via GABA)

Question 16

external segment:
receives inhibitory inputs from _______ and excitatory inputs from ________ nucleus
send ______ signals around the rest of the basal ganglia

Answer 16

external segment:
receives inhibitory inputs from striatum and excitatory inputs from subthalamic nucleus
send inhibitory signals around the rest of the basal ganglia

Question 17

Striatum supplied by ________ arteries (branches of MCA)

Answer 17

Striatum supplied by lenticulostriate arteries (branches of MCA)

Question 18

Globus pallidus supplied by ____________ artery

Answer 18

Globus pallidus by anterior choroidal artery

Question 19

SN and subthalamic nucleus supplied by ______ and branches

Answer 19

SN and subthalamic nucleus by PCA and branches

Question 20

Involuntary, rhythmic movements (chorea), change in mood, cognition, (a hyperkinetic disorder)
Atrophy of _____ and especially _____
Pattern of atrophy from ____ (most) to ___ (least) shrinkage gradient in mostly ___, some in ___, but ____ unaffected

Answer 20

Huntington’s Disease
Atrophy of Pt and especially Cd
Pattern of atrophy from dorsal (most) to ventral (least) shrinkage gradient in mostly Cd, some in Pt, but ventral striatum unaffected

Question 21

Hemiballismus

Answer 21

involuntary “jumping around” of limbs caused by damage to subthalamic nucleus (usu by stroke, but here by abscess in HIV patient). HIV virus can cause toxoplasmic encephalitis

Question 22

A hypokinetic disorder: rigidity, slowed movements, less motor output, stooped posture, shuffling gait, resting tremor.
Bradykinesia : ____
Hypokinesia : ____

Answer 22

Parkinson’s Disease
Bradykinesia (slowed movements)
Hypokinesia (fewer movements, blinking, facial exp, arm swing)