Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A/P > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

renin, erythropoietin comes from?

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pressure =?

A

flow x resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

velocity of blood flow = ?

A

blood flow/cross sectional area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

vascular conductance =

A

1/resistance
high conductance = low resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cross sectional area of aorta

A

2.5 cm^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vena cavae cross sectional area

A

8 cm^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ventricles pressure range

A

2-120mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

atria pressure?

A

2mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aorta pressure range

A

80-120mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

aorta or large arteries have wider pulse pressure?

A

large arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

from heart to capillary how much pressure is lost

A

100-30
70mmHg is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

delta P increases = ?
delta P decreases=?

A

delta P increases = more blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

doubling diameter of vessel increases flow by?

A

16x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

F=pi * deltaP * r^4/ 8nl

nu= blood viscosity
L= length of tube
r= radius of tube
F, I, Q = flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

increasing resistance does what to flow?

A

decreases flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Resistance equation

A

R= delta P/ F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

conductance is proportional to ?

A

diameter^4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

total surface area of capillaries

A

500-700 m^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cross sectional area of all capillaries

A

2500 cm^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

capillary pressure (hydrostatic pressure) within capillary vasculature

A

30mmHg
pushing fluid out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in ISF , vasculature vessel

A

-3 pushing fluid in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

plasma colloid osmotic pressure within vasculature vessel

A

28mmHg
keeping fluid in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure ISF vasculature vessel

A

8 pulling fluid out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

at arteriolar end of capillary what movemet is favored?

A

filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

at venular end of capillary what movement is favored?

A

reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

extra fluid from net filtration pressure on average adds up to ___ per day

A

2L
scavenged by lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

mean capillary pressure?

A

17.3mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

net filtration pressure across entire average capillary

A

+0.3mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

NFP positive vs negative

A

If positive: net loss of fluid, filtration

If negative: net pulling of fluid into capillary, reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

makes up 21.8 of total 28 protein oncotic pressure within capillary

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2nd largest contributor to capillary oncotic pressure

A

globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

3rd largest contributor to capillary oncotic pressure?

A

fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

lymphatic system is able to increase output by ___ due to disease process

A

20 fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

peritubular capillary functions

A

1) reabsorb fluids

2)provide metabolic requirements for kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

outer part of kidney

A

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

next inner layer after cortex

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

blood vessels that are the peritubular capillaries that descend really deep into the kidney,

A

those are called vasa recta VR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

About 5% of our peritubular capillaries end up being ?
The other 95% are in?

A

AVR and DVR

The other 95% are in the outer medulla and that’s where the bulk of our reabsorption happens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

kidneys tucked underneath?

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

if we

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

if we increase amount of blood going through kidney?

A

Will drive up pressure in other arteries and capillary bed as well

higher pressure is reflected every where

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

adrenal glands where?

A

on top of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

left kidney is ___ than right kidney

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

emptying of bladder is contolled by?

A

pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

pudendal nerve sits next to?

A

prostate in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

another name for bowmands capsule

A

corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

after PCT is ?

A

proximal straight tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

located at first part of DCT

A

macula densa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

collecting duct portions

A

cortical collecting duct

outer medullary collecting duct

inner medullary collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

macula densa comes into contact with?

A

afferent and efferent arteriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

For GFR to increase, macula densa has to what?

A

dilate afferent arterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

angiotensin II has what 2 effects

A

increase resistance on efferent arteriole preferentially and afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

juxtaglomerular cells in response to low Na count from macula densa will do what?

A

causes renin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

if macula densa sees low Na, it will?

A

think GFR is low
dilate afferent arteriol
cause renin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

renal blood flow

A

1100 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

renal plasma flow

A

660 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

filtration fraction

A

125/660

19%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

GFR mls and dls

A

125ml/min = 1.25 dL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

where does body choose to fine-tune the GFR

A

efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

glomerular cap hydrostatic BP vs peritubular cap BP

A

60 in glomer vs 13 in peritubular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

filtered load equation and units?

A

plasma concentration x GFR (convert to dL/min)

answer in mg/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

renal clearance

A

(urine flow rate x urinary conc)/ plasma conc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

excretion = ?

A

filtration - reabsorption + secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

secretion of organic compounds happens where?

A

proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

how much creatinine is being actively secreted?

A

0.10 - 0.15mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

most accurate guess of creatinine clearance

A

1.35 - 1.4mg/min but 1.25mg/min is close enough

63
Q

inulin

A

A compound that is more accurate than creatinine
o Synthetic compound, can be injected IV,
Advantage: inulin is not secreted at all by peritubular capillaries and tubules

63
Q

PAH stands for and used for?

A

para amino hippuric acid
estimating renal plasma flow

64
Q

urinary conc after nephrectomy at steady state

A

0.625mg/ml

3 weeks out: 1.25mg/ml

65
Q

Podocytes

A

similar structure to astrocytes in brain
outermost strucutre of glomerular capillaries
part of epithelial cells

66
Q

slit pores do what?

A

keep proteins out of area
has lots of negative charges to repel, but doesnt repel ions

67
Q

layers of glomerular capillary

A

epithelium
basement membrane
endothelium

68
Q

normal urine output

A

1 mL/min

69
Q

net filtration pressure equation

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure - bowmans capsule pressure - glomerular oncotic pressure

70
Q

bowmans capsule pressure

A

18 mmHg

71
Q

glomerular colloid osmotic pressure

A

32

72
Q

capillary colloid osmotic pressure beginning of glomerular capillary vs end

A

28 to 32 to 26

73
Q

filtration coefficient unit

A

Kf (ml/min/mmHg)
12.5 ml/min/mmHg

74
Q

factors that affect the filtration coefficient

A

extreme infection (swiss cheese)

2nd: capillaries become larger, more surface area

75
Q

polycationic dextran filterability

A

positive charges on the dextran make it easier for that dextran to be filtered

76
Q

filtration rate is____ to urine output

A

directly proportional

77
Q

most BP drugs affect resistance of?

A

afferent arteriole

78
Q

constricting afferent arteriole does what to renal blood flow

A

decreases renal blood flow

79
Q

cardiac bp meds that dilate will do what to urine output?

A

increase urine output, dilates afferent arteriole

80
Q

clearance rate units

A

ml/min
dl/min

81
Q

organic anions and cations filtered where?

A

PT

82
Q

proteins are not filterable bc of 2 things

A

size and negative charge

83
Q

which is more efficient: autoregulation of GFR or renal blood flow

A

GFR

at higher pressures

84
Q

all fluid filtered by 2 million nephrons

A

125ml/min

84
Q

massive reabsorption in proximal tubule

A

bulk flow

85
Q

sodium and chloride concentration across length of proximal tubule

A

doesnt change

85
Q

n the tubular lumen side of proximal tubules, they have these infoldings here that increase the surface area that the proximal tubule has to use as a reabsorption point or a pumping area

A

brush border

86
Q

by end of proximal tubule we’ve reabsorbed how much water

A

65%

87
Q

anhydrase enzyme is pulling?

A

water out of something

88
Q

glucose and amino acid reabsorbed where?

A

PT

89
Q

carbonic anhydrase active where? and associated with?

A

everywhere, but mostly in PT

associated with brush border

90
Q

transporter for amino acids located where?

A

PT on tubular side
co transported with Na

91
Q

SGLT 2 transporters reabsorb how much of filter load of glucose?

ratio?

capactiy?

A

90%
1:1 reabsorption ratio

high capacity, low affinity

92
Q

SGLT 1 transporters reabsorb how much of filter load of glucose?

ratio?

capactiy?

A

10 to 35%

2:1

low capacity, high affinity

93
Q

glutamine splits into?

A

2 bicarb and 2 ammonium

93
Q

ammonia

A

Nh3

94
Q

ammonium

A

NH4

95
Q

angiotensin II effects on proximal tubule

A

speeds up

NaK pump
sodium proton exchanger
-bicarb sodium pump

95
Q

buffers in proximal tubule

A

phosphate, ammonium, bicarb

96
Q

aniotensin II increases amount of ______ reabsorbing at proximal tubules

A

salt and water

97
Q

when Ang II receptors on adrenal gland get hit…

A

aldo is released from adrenal glands

98
Q

PTH 3 things:

A

increase Ca intestinal absorption through vitamin D activation

increase renal Ca reabsorption

increase Ca release from bones

99
Q

bicarb 3 main places

A

mainly PT, TAL, DT

99
Q

PTH 3 main places

A

PT, TAL, DT

100
Q

how much water is filtered in a descending loop of Henle

A

20%

101
Q

PTH on osteoblast/clast

A

stimulates osteoclasts

inhibits osteoblasts

102
Q

which segment requires the most energy, 2nd?

A

PT

second most: TAL

103
Q

which pump and where does lasix work, what ions are transported thru pump

A

sodium K 2 Cl transporter

4 ions
Na exits through NaK pump
Cl exits through simple Cl channel

on tubular side

on TAL

104
Q

which segment has K channels on both sides

A

TAL, makes tubule section +8mV

drives reabsorption of other cations (mg, ca, na, K) through tight junctions

105
Q

glutamine needs to have __________ to produce bicarb

A

sodium proton exchanger

106
Q

lasix does what to renal interstitium

A

dilutes it

107
Q

source for renal inst concentration

A

TAL

108
Q

thought of as diluting segment

A

distal tubule

dilution comes from sodium and chloride pumping

109
Q

thin ascending limb has which pump

A

Na Cl co transporter
from tubule to interstitum

110
Q

40-50% of dissolved stuff in interstitium

A

urea

111
Q

urea tends to be reabsorbed from __________ via stimulation of ____

A

medullary collecting duct via ADH/AVP

112
Q

regulation of body fluid osmolarity is via ___

A

ADH

113
Q

ADH is released from posterior pituitary gland which effects _____ in the _______

A

efects principal and intercalated cells in the late DCT, but primarily in collecting duct

114
Q

2 urea transporters in distal tubule and cortical medullary duct

A

UT -A1 and UT-A3

115
Q

decreased GFR or RBF results in?

A

decreased UO

116
Q

which calcium pump ensures bulk of calcium reabsorption

A

Na Ca exchanger

117
Q

where are calcium pumps in distal tubule

A

interstitial side

simple Calcium channel on tubule side

118
Q

which channels do PTH stimulate

A

calcium channels on tubular side

119
Q

2 actions of thiazide diuretics

A

inhibit Na Cl pump (tubular side)

speed up sodium calcium exchanger (on interstitial side)

in distal tubule

120
Q

chronically low calcium and chronically high PTH?

A

osteroporosis

121
Q

when aldo is high?

A

sodium is reabsorbed and Potassium is excreted

122
Q

aldosterone antagonist

A

spironolactone

123
Q

Na channel blockers

A

Amiloride
Triamterene

124
Q

2 parts that ar aldo sensitive

A

are the sodium/potassium pump speed

  • ALDO also determines how many sodium channels we have on the tubular side of the cell wall.
125
Q

aldo needs sufficient supply of ___

A

cholesterol

126
Q

adrenal medulla produces?

A

catecholamines

127
Q

fasciulata and reticularis produces?

A

cortisol and androgens

128
Q

potassium wasting effect comes from which cell

A

principal cell in distal tubule

through sodium channels in tubular lumen

128
Q

that’s a compound that specifically destroys cortisol or cortisol like steroids, but tends to not act at all on the Aldo

A

11 beta-HSD. So 11 beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase,

129
Q

dont give potassium sparing diuretic to ?

A

massive hearat failure with tons of arrhythmias

130
Q

as K increase, aldo__

A

increases

130
Q

too high cortisol effects include?

A

HTN and problem maintaining potassium balance

131
Q

ADH acts on what receptor?

A

V2 receptor

132
Q

V2 receptor type?

A

GPCR

increase cAMP, increases PKA, phosphorylates AQP-2, moves to tubular side of cell

133
Q

AQP 3 and 4

A

water is allowed out back of cell

134
Q

final determinant of urinary osmolarity

A

cortical & medullary collecting duct

135
Q

produces 5/6 ADH

A

supraoptic neuron

136
Q

produces 1/6 ADH

A

periventricular nuclei

137
Q

lack of release of ADH disease

A

central DI

138
Q

failure of kidney to repond normally to ADH

A

nephrogenic DI

139
Q

nephrogenic DI cause

A

high dose lithium

infection, drugs, genetics

140
Q

ADH half life

A

20 min

141
Q

high free water clearance is from?

A

no adh

142
Q

low free water clearance is from?

A

ADH around

143
Q

decreasing thirst (decrease ADH)

A

alcohol clonidine
haldol

143
Q

range of K intake

A

30-120 mEq/day

144
Q

increasing thirst drugs (increase adh)

A

nausea
morphin
nicotine

145
Q

blocking aldo has not that much effect on?

A

plasma Na concentrations

146
Q

common cause for essential HTN

A

stenotic renal artery

147
Q
A
148
Q
A
149
Q
A
150
Q
A

A/P (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions