A/P exam 2 concepts Flashcards
C1 and C2 anatomical differences
C1 has no vertebral body and no spinous process, while C2 has both
Name the synapses that occur in the DCML pathway from a single stimuli in the foot
- Sensory information from the foot travels through peripheral sensory receptors (e.g., Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and muscle spindles) to the dorsal root ganglion
- the axon from the dorsal root ganglion enters into the fasciculus gracilis tract and immediately ascends
- the first neuron then synapses with a second neuron in the fasciculus nuclei, the second neuron crosses over (all happening within lower medulla)
- neuron then synapses with a third neuron in thalamus, that neuron projects to the postcentral gyrus
internal capsule is shared by which two pathways
DCML and lateral corticospinal
A beta fibers seen where
DCML
A delta fibers seen where
fast pain
C fibers seen where
slow pain
what are the nervous supporting cells
astrocytes, oligodendrites/schwann, glial, ependymal
what kind of senses do bipolar neurons detect
special senses, retina, photoreceptors, vision sensors
what kind of senses do pseudounipolar neurons detect?
sensory, pressure, touch, vibration, (sounds like DCML)
What are Trabeculae
columns that allow CSF, larger vessels to not get occluded, located in subarachnoid space
How much csf is in subarachnoid space, ventricles, and in total?
120ml in subarachnoid
30ml in ventricles
150ml total in adult
how much glucose in CSF?
30% less glucose in csf than blood
How much potassium in CSF?
40% Less potassium in CSF compared to the blood
How much chloride in CSF?
140 in CSF, equal to sodium
How much magnesium in CSF?
more in csf than rest of extracellular fluid
How much sodium in CSF?
140 in CSF
pH in CSF
7.31
connection between the third and fourth ventricle.
Cerebral aqueduct
Aqueduct of Sylvius
Exit point from the base of the 4th ventricle
the central canal
Both lateral ventricles empty into the third ventricle through?
interventricular foramen
Foramen of Monroe
opening at end of lateral horn of 4th ventricles?
Lateral apertures
Foramen of Luschka
middle exit of 4th ventricle
median aperture
Foramen of Magendie
antlanto-occipital ligaments
theres anterior and posterior, they both connect atlas and occipital bone
external occipital protuberance
attachment point for nuchal ligament
vertebral prominens made of?
C7 and T1
where are the connection points for floating ribs
T11 and T12
costal tubercle
part of the rib that binds to the transverse process of vertebra
costotransverse joint is made up of?
costal tubercle and costal facet of transverse process
where is the flattening of vertebra
T5-T8
Which ribs do not have a tubercle joint
ribs 11, 12
insertion point for inguinal ligament
anterior superior iliac spine
purpose of the iliolumbar ligament
connects top of pelvis to L4/L5 on transverse process
purpose of sacrococcygeal ligament and considerations
connect coccyx to sacrum, theres an anterior and posterior, the posterior one could be impediment to accessing the sacral hiatus
cervical enlargement
C3-C6
high spinal block considerations
harder time further up you go since more ANS is cut out, so harder time controlling BP
vestibulospinal extrapyramidal tract
allows us to assess our rotational acceleration.
would help us with our body position and your eye fixation
only capable of sensing if our rotation is changing.
*If we’re spinning at a constant rate, at some point, our vestibular system equilibrates with that rotation,
Olivospinal extrapyramidal tract
helps the cerebellum to control and fine tune complex movements.
Reticulospinal extra pyramidal tract
regulates skeletal muscle tone.
Rubrospinal tract
modulation of voluntary movement.
fluid motion
