A/P exam 2 concepts

Question 1

C1 and C2 anatomical differences

Answer 1

C1 has no vertebral body and no spinous process, while C2 has both

Question 2

Name the synapses that occur in the DCML pathway from a single stimuli in the foot

Answer 2

• Sensory information from the foot travels through peripheral sensory receptors (e.g., Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and muscle spindles) to the dorsal root ganglion
• the axon from the dorsal root ganglion enters into the fasciculus gracilis tract and immediately ascends
• the first neuron then synapses with a second neuron in the fasciculus nuclei, the second neuron crosses over (all happening within lower medulla)
• neuron then synapses with a third neuron in thalamus, that neuron projects to the postcentral gyrus

Question 3

internal capsule is shared by which two pathways

Answer 3

DCML and lateral corticospinal

Question 4

A beta fibers seen where

Answer 4

DCML

Question 5

A delta fibers seen where

Answer 5

fast pain

Question 6

C fibers seen where

Answer 6

slow pain

Question 7

what are the nervous supporting cells

Answer 7

astrocytes, oligodendrites/schwann, glial, ependymal

Question 8

what kind of senses do bipolar neurons detect

Answer 8

special senses, retina, photoreceptors, vision sensors

Question 9

what kind of senses do pseudounipolar neurons detect?

Answer 9

sensory, pressure, touch, vibration, (sounds like DCML)

Question 10

What are Trabeculae

Answer 10

columns that allow CSF, larger vessels to not get occluded, located in subarachnoid space

Question 11

How much csf is in subarachnoid space, ventricles, and in total?

Answer 11

120ml in subarachnoid
30ml in ventricles
150ml total in adult

Question 12

how much glucose in CSF?

Answer 12

30% less glucose in csf than blood

Question 13

How much potassium in CSF?

Answer 13

40% Less potassium in CSF compared to the blood

Question 14

How much chloride in CSF?

Answer 14

140 in CSF, equal to sodium

Question 15

How much magnesium in CSF?

Answer 15

more in csf than rest of extracellular fluid

Question 16

How much sodium in CSF?

Answer 16

140 in CSF

Question 17

pH in CSF

Answer 17

7.31

Question 18

connection between the third and fourth ventricle.

Answer 18

Cerebral aqueduct
Aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 19

Exit point from the base of the 4th ventricle

Answer 19

the central canal

Question 20

Both lateral ventricles empty into the third ventricle through?

Answer 20

interventricular foramen
Foramen of Monroe

Question 21

opening at end of lateral horn of 4th ventricles?

Answer 21

Lateral apertures
Foramen of Luschka

Question 22

middle exit of 4th ventricle

Answer 22

median aperture
Foramen of Magendie

Question 23

antlanto-occipital ligaments

Answer 23

theres anterior and posterior, they both connect atlas and occipital bone

Question 24

external occipital protuberance

Answer 24

attachment point for nuchal ligament

Question 25

vertebral prominens made of?

Answer 25

C7 and T1

Question 26

where are the connection points for floating ribs

Answer 26

T11 and T12

Question 27

costal tubercle

Answer 27

part of the rib that binds to the transverse process of vertebra

Question 28

costotransverse joint is made up of?

Answer 28

costal tubercle and costal facet of transverse process

Question 29

where is the flattening of vertebra

Answer 29

T5-T8

Question 30

Which ribs do not have a tubercle joint

Answer 30

ribs 11, 12

Question 31

insertion point for inguinal ligament

Answer 31

anterior superior iliac spine

Question 32

purpose of the iliolumbar ligament

Answer 32

connects top of pelvis to L4/L5 on transverse process

Question 33

purpose of sacrococcygeal ligament and considerations

Answer 33

connect coccyx to sacrum, theres an anterior and posterior, the posterior one could be impediment to accessing the sacral hiatus

Question 34

cervical enlargement

Answer 34

C3-C6

Question 35

high spinal block considerations

Answer 35

harder time further up you go since more ANS is cut out, so harder time controlling BP

Question 36

vestibulospinal extrapyramidal tract

Answer 36

allows us to assess our rotational acceleration.

would help us with our body position and your eye fixation

only capable of sensing if our rotation is changing.
*If we’re spinning at a constant rate, at some point, our vestibular system equilibrates with that rotation,

Question 37

Olivospinal extrapyramidal tract

Answer 37

helps the cerebellum to control and fine tune complex movements.

Question 38

Reticulospinal extra pyramidal tract

Answer 38

regulates skeletal muscle tone.

Question 39

Rubrospinal tract

Answer 39

modulation of voluntary movement.
fluid motion