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A/P exam 3 Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

bbf rate

A

750-900ml/min

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2
Q

brain is __ of body weight

A

2%

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2
Q

750 is __% of CO

A

15

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3
Q

brain autoregulation LLA and ULA

A

LLA: 65, ULA: 150

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3
Q

gray matter receives ___% nutrients, white matter gets ___%

A

80, 20

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4
Q

CO2 combines with ___ dissociates into ___

A

combines with water to dissociate into bicarb and protons

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5
Q

For each mmPaCO2 change

A

2-4% change in cerebral blood flow

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6
Q

each degree Celcius temp drops,

A

reduce oxygen demand by 6 to 7%

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7
Q

list of vasodilators

A

acetylcholine, ketamine, inhalational anesthetics (isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane), Nitrous oxide,

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8
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

serotonin, propofol/barbiturates,

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9
Q

COW supplied by ?

A

basilar and two internal carotid arteries

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10
Q

3 cerebellar arteries, which come off basilar and vertebral

A

superior and anteriorinferior cerebellar artery come off basilar

posterior inferior cerebellar artery come off vertebral

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11
Q

anterior vs posterior spinal artery % flow

A

anterior gives 75% blood flow, posterior gives 25% split between 2 so 12.5 each

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12
Q

GRA named after?
supplies?

A

polish guy
artery of adamkiewicz
great radicular artery
great anterior segmental artery
2/3 bottom of spinal cord, especially the anterior

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13
Q

GRA originates between?

A

T9-T12: 75%
T5 - L5: 25%

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14
Q

3 sources for posterior spinal arteries

A

cerebellar arteries, specifically posterior inferior cerebellar artery

vertebral arteries and radicular arteries

the

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15
Q

anterior spinal artery source

A

vertebral arteries at top and anterior radicular arteries at lower levels

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16
Q

SCPP = ?

A

distal aortic pressure - CSF pressure

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17
Q

spinal cord LLA and ULA

A

LLA 50, ULA 125

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18
Q

lateral inhibition pressure sensor type

A

A-beta, pain tracts run next to DCML

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19
Q

nervous system filters ___

A

97%

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20
Q

feed arteries in c spine, t spine, lumbar

A

C: 1-2
T: 2, 1 high and other is GRA
L: 1-2, radicular lumbosacral arteries

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21
Q

Golgi stretch organs located in?

A

tendons
golgi tendon organs
golgi stretch or tension sensors

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22
Q

example for tendon reflex

A

weight at 90 degree angle

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23
limits of thermal pain
greater than 45C and less than 5C
24
appendix pain travel path
T10 is where visceral pain enters the cord L1 is where parietal pain enters cord
25
anatomy of pain sensing neuron
pseudo-unipolar cell
25
AMPA located?
second-order neuron in dorsal horn
26
AMPA ion flow
sodium major player, permits K flow
27
NMDA ion flow
sodium and calcium
28
antagonists of NMDA receptor
Ketamine, nitrous, tramadol, lead, alcohol also inactivates them
29
glycogen found where
skeletal muscle and liver
29
length of smooth muscle
shorter
30
SR in smooth muscle
less developed, more reliant on outside Ca
31
smooth muscle actin myosin
skeletal 2:1 10-20:1
32
latch mechanism
smooth muscle able to generate lots of force for long periods of time using very little energy
33
smooth muscle examples
pupillary diameter, airway resistance, vascular smooth muscle (giving rise to SVR), intestines
34
esophagus made up of?
hybrid of skeletal and smooth muscle
35
visceral smooth muscle characteristics
act in coordinated way for peristalsis electrical connections with gap junctions
36
3 layers of blood vessel
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia/externa (single endothelial layer)
37
which vessel doesnt have smooth muscle
capillaries
38
sarcomere length and structure smooth muscle
longer and no z-lines
39
acetylcholine receptors has how much more?
20 times
40
striation caused by
a and i bands
41
Actin consists of
F-actin and tropomyosin
42
how many contractions possible before running out calcium
10,000-20,000
43
skeletal muscle cell wall
sarcolemme contain mitochondria
44
type 2 duration of twitch is __ type 1
shorter
45
tx for alzheimers, what receptors are involved in it
treated with stigmines (physo and neo) muscarinic receptors
46
acetylcholinesterase produced by?
skeletal muscle
47
system breakdown by acetylcholine by
plasma cholinesterase and liver
48
mitochondria in presynaptic cell produces...
acetyl group
49
TEA meaning
tetra ethyl ammonium
50
ELMS LEMS stands for
Eaton Lambert Myasthenic syndrome
51
choline transported how
cotransporter with Na in presynaptic cell
52
succinylcholine made of?
2 choline
53
tx options for MG
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor plasmapheresis remove thymus gland steroids
54
tx options for ELMS LEMS
K channel blocker (TEA) plasmapheresis steroids acetylcholinesterase inhibitors wont help
55
outside forces for heart muscle
venous pressure, atrial pressure
56
electrodes placed distance of?
3-6cm apart
57
nerves alternative spots for assessing twitch
peroneal nerve posterior tibial nerve orbicularis oculi muscle by ophtalmic branch of facial nerve
58
VP stands for?
vesicular pool
59
what two determine smooth muscle response
what receptor complex is and what intracellular machinery
60
only circulation with no adrenergic receptors?
cerebral circulation
61
smallest part of the COW
anterior communicating
62
which bleed has to do with sinuses
subdural hematoma, can break sinus and have bleed underneath dura
63
internal volume of skeletal muscle is?
40% of overall body mass
64
type 1 fiber traits
red, slow, lots of myoglobin, lots of mitochondria
64
type 2 traits
white, fast, little myoglobin, fewer mitochondria
65
gray matter requires ___ as much blood flow as white matter
4
66
stretch reflex examples and goal
forehead pushe patella hammer keep muscles at constant length keep posture
66
muscle spindle fx
for stretch flex feedback info on length and tension of muscle
67
tendon reflex examples
falling out of tree holding weight 90 degree
68
muscles in hamstring
biceps femoris, semitendonosus, semimembranosus
69
parietal pain def from slide
connective tissue pain, direct conduction into spinal cord from peritoneum, pleura or pericardium, highly localized
70
pain in ureters or kidney stone
lower back pain
71
visceral pain def from slide
internal organ pain via autonomic nerve bundles; usually referred
72
appendix inflammation pain referred to?
umbilicus, LRQ
73
heart pain sensors
left arm/ shoulder
73
appendix visceral pain entry location
T10
73
anatomy of 1st order pain sensing
pseduo-unipolar
74
sectioning autonomic ganglia is for which pain?
visceral pain
74
appendix parietal pain entry location
L1
75
what makes skeletal muscle unique
multinucleiated
76
troponin C binding to calcium causes?
tension alteration on tropomyosin and actin changes affinity for troponin I and troponin T
77
teloglial cell is what? and where?
schwann cell, perisynaptic
78
with depolarizing paralytics, will have continuous leak of K where?
everywhere this is a neuromuscular junction (due to nicotinic Na channels)
79
MH tx and cause
mutated gene on ryanodine receptor, uncontrolled calcium release from SR dantrolene (ryanodine receptor antagonist)
80
stigmines will have effect on muscarinic receptors how?
cross BBB help with alzheimers Heart (brady) Lungs (Sarin gas)
81
fx of muscarinic receptors in lung
mucous fluid secretion in lungs
82
fast sodium channels and L-type Ca channels close as
a function of time l type is slower
83
Ptype calcium channels closes as result of?
repolarization
84
fetal receptors start getting placed
few days after
85
wider sarcomeres can?
get more work done
86
T-tubules located
not around NMJ
87
conductance is due to?
speed of ion flow
87
curare found where and used for?
rainforest and for hunting
88
ulnar nerve is for what
adductor pollicis, has pinky finger and thumb
89
75-80% block
4th twitch disappears
90
85% block
3rd twitch disappears
91
85-90% block
2nd twitch disappears
92
90-95% block
all disappear
93
stimulator settings
50-80mA
94
head lift when
70% block

A/P (10 decks)

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