Final Flashcards
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
- All living things are
composed of cells. - Cells are the basic units
of structure and function
in all living things. - All cells come from
preexisting cells.
All cells come from _____
preexisting cells
How would you be able to recognize a prokaryotic cell under a microscope?
It doesn’t have a nucleus
DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm
They do not disclose their DNA information in a nuclei
What does the nucleus do?
Contains and stores the DNA
What is the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
The nucleus is suspended in the cytoplasm
What organelle breaks down other organelles and other cells?
Lysosomes
What plant organelle stores salts and water?
Vacuoles
What structure makes proteins and where are these made?
Ribosomes; they are made in the nucleolus
What organellle modifies and sorts and packages proteins?
Golgi apparatus
What organelle converts chemical energy in food to compounds that the cell can use to make energy?
Mitochondria
How is the cell wall different from the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and supports and protects the cell
Where are protein synthesizers made and where are most of them located?
ribosomes and most of them are located in muscle tissue
What is the largest structure in a plant cell?
Central Vacuole
The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy.
Passive Transport
The process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of high to lower concentration
Diffusion
olecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels (carrier molecules).
Facilitated Diffusion
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis
The concentration of solute molecules is the same inside and outside the cell.
Isotonic solution
The solution has a higher solute concentration than solute concentration inside the cell.
Hypertonic Solution
The movement of molecules against a concentration difference from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. REQUIRES ENERGY!
Active transport
A vesicle forms that large molecules, clumps of food or complete cells can be surrounded by and then forms a vacuole to pull the item into the cell. (Bulk Transport)
Endocytosis
The forcing out of substances from the cell membrane using vacuoles and vesicles.
Exocytosis
Large solids are taken into the cell.
Phagocytosis
Large liquids are taken in the cell.
Pinocytosis
Group of similar cells that perform a similar function
Tissue
Group of tissues that work together.
Organ
Group of organs that work to complete the system.
Organ System
To respond a cell must have a _____ that the signal binds to.
Receptor
What has to be true in order for diffusion to occur?
Water molecules will move in and out of the cell at the same rate
What term do you use to describe no change in solution concentration level in the cell or solution?
Equilibrium
ATP consists of:
an adenine
a 5 carbon sugar called ribose
and 3 phosphate groups
_____ is released when the bond between _____
is broken thus creating ADP.
Energy
the second and third phosphate groups of ATP
What do you call light absorbing molecules.
Photosynthetic Pigments
Where do you find Chlorophyll pigments
in the thylakoid membranes
_____ absorbs light energy causing the electrons to do what?
Chlorophyll
become energized
A compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.
Electron Carrier-(NADP+)-
Electron Carrier-(_____)-A compound that can accept _____ and transfer them, along with _____, to another molecule.
NADP+
a pair of high energy electrons
most of their energy
Uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide(reactants) into high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen (products).
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis - Uses the energy of sunlight to convert _____ into.
water and carbon dioxide
high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen
What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
water and carbon dioxide
What are the products of photosynthesis?
high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen
What is the Balanced photosynthesis Equation (short)
6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2
(draw using the suns energy and in the presence of chlorophyll)
What is the Balanced photosynthesis Equation (long)
The photosynthesis equation os six carbon molecules react with six water molecules using the sun’s energy in the presence of chlorophyll to produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules.
Light dependent reaction takes place in _____
the thylakoids membranes.
Light Dependent Reaction - Uses energy from _____ to produce _____ and convert _____ into _____ _____.
sunlight
oxygen
ADP and NADP+
the energy carriers
ATP and NADPH
Uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
Light Dependent Reaction
Chemiosmosis - Movement of the _____ across the _____ causes the _____ to spin and bind a phosphate group to _____ to create _____.
H+ ion
membrane
ATP synthase
ADP
ATP
Movement of the H+ ion across the membrane causes the ATP synthase to spin and bind a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.
Chemiosmosis
Light Independent Reaction is known as what
the Calvin cycle
Light Independent Reaction - ATP and NADPH from LD is used to create _____ in _____
high energy sugars
the stroma of the chloroplast.
When are ATP and NADPH used to create high energy sugars in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Light Independent Reaction
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
Cells prefer to break down bonds gradually and use the stored energy to _____
produce other compounds like ATP
Cells prefer to break down bonds
gradually
What is the Balanced cellular respiration Equation (short)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
What is the Balanced cellular respiration Equation (long)
The chemical equation for cellular respiration is one glucose molecule reacts with six oxygen molecules to produce six carbon dioxide molecules, six water molecules, and ATP.
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
What are the products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide
water
energy (ATP)
What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration (in order)
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Pathways that require oxygen. (in air)
Aerobic
When is glucose transformed into pyruvic acid?
Glycolysis
What happens during Glycolysis?
glucose is transformed into pyruvic acid
There is a net gain of __ ATP per molecule of glucose in ATP production
2
In ATP production, what is the net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose?
2 ATP
Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting steps. Oxygen has to be present.
Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle - _____ is broken down into _____ in a series of energy-extracting steps.
Pyruvic acid
carbon dioxide
What must be present during the Krebs Cycle?
Oxygen has to be present
Every time the electrons move, _____ move, thus ATP is created by _____.
H+ ions
ATP synthase
What percentage of a glucose molecule becomes ATP
38%
How many ATP molecules come from each stage of Cellular Respiration
2 from glycolysis
2 from Krebs Cycle
34 from Electron Transport Chain
When is NAD+ is regenerated so glycolysis can continue?
fermentation
In fermentation, _____ is regenerated so _____ can continue.
NAD+
glycolysis
What are the two forms of fermentation:
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
The larger the cell becomes there is a greater demand on what?
the DNA
What size cell carries out more activities
A larger cell
Why does the cell copy all DNA?
so each cell has the exact same amount of original DNA.
What do cells do to ensure each cell has the exact same amount of original DNA.
The cell copies all DNA
In _____ reproduction, the offspring is genetically identical to the single parent
asexual
In asexual reproduction there is no _____ so no _____
exchange of DNA information
genetic diversity
_____ reproduction provides genetic diversity for the continuation of species
Sexual
Sexual reproduction provides genetic diversity for the _____
continuation of species
Interphase has three phases and then is followed by _____.
cell division
What are the three phases of interphase?
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
What happens in G1 Phase?
cells increase in size
there is intense growth and activity
cells increase in size and there is intense growth and activity in which phase?
G1 phase
What phase are centrioles duplicated?
G1 phase
What phase is new DNA synthesized when the chromosomes replicate
S phase
What phase is the process of mitosis?
M phase
What phase are chromosomes are now visible
m phase
What order do the phases of mitosis go?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Which phase of mitosis is the longest phase?
prophase
In prophase, _____ (_____) attach at the _____ (_____.)
duplicated strands (sister chromatid)
center (centromere)
In _____, the centrioles begin to move to opposite poles and the spindle (microtubules) connect between them.
prophase
What happens to the centrioles during prophase?
They begin to move to opposite poles
What phase does the spindle connect between the centrioles?
prophase
What do the chromatids do in metaphase?
they attach to the middle of the spindle at their centromeres.
In anaphase, the _____ helps the sister chromatids separate at the centromere.
spindle
What do the chromosomes do in telophase?
the chromosomes unwind and are no longer visible.
When are the chromosomes no longer visible
telophase
What phase(s) do chromosomes show?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase
What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
the cytoplasm is pinched in two equal parts.
What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells?
a cell plate forms in between the rigid cell wall.
What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells vs animal cells?
Animal cells:
- The cell membrane is drawn inward.
- The cytoplasm is pinched in two equal parts.
- Each part contains its own nucleus and
organelles and DNA.
- The two cells are identical and begin interphase.
Plant cells:
- A cell plate forms in between the rigid cell wall.
- The cell plate forms a cell membrane that
divides the two daughter cells.
- A cell wall then forms.
the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell
hypotonic solution
what is also known as the Calvin cycle?
light-independent reaction
What are the products of glycolysis
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvic acid
