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Biology > 2nd Semester Final > Flashcards

2nd Semester Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is one reason common names are not useful to biologists

A

they can apply to more than one animal

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2
Q

One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as _____

A

binomial nomenclature

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3
Q

According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized?

A

The genus name only

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4
Q

Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio do NOT belong to the same _____

A

species

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5
Q

The second part of a scientific name is unique to each _____

A

species in its genus

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6
Q

Often, the second part of a scientific name is what?

A

a description of a trait or habitat

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7
Q

Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system?

A

Phylum and kingdom

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8
Q

What is the grouping of organisms based on their common descent called?

A

evolutionary classification

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9
Q

In biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as a _____

A

derived character

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10
Q

All organisms in the kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are _____

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?

A

Fungi

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12
Q

What is the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments?

A

Archaea

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13
Q

Viruses…

A

vary greatly in size and structure

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14
Q

Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT _____

A

lyse the host cell right away

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15
Q

The instructions for making new copies of a virus are _____

A

coded in either RNA or DNA

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16
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

By destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

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17
Q

During a lytic infection, the host cell _____

A

is destroyed when it bursts

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18
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

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19
Q

Viral diseases can be prevented with _____

A

vaccines but not treated with antibiotics

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20
Q

What is the outer protein coat of a virus called?

A

capsid

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21
Q

What three materials make up many viruses?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

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22
Q

Viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are _____

A

preparations of weakened or killed viruses

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23
Q

A lytic infection concludes with the _____

A

bursting of the host cell

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24
Q

What is a prophage made of?

A

viral DNA

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25
Q

Bacteria and archaea differ in _____

A

the makeup of their cell walls

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26
Q

What does a coccus bacterial cell look like?

A

spherical

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27
Q

Which of the following can survive either with oxygen or without it?

A

Facultative anaerobes

28
Q

During what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?

A

Conjugation

29
Q

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called _____

A

decomposers

30
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

By destroying cells and releasing toxins

31
Q

Bacteria that cause disease are called _____

A

pathogens

32
Q

An unknown disease or a well-known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control is called

A

an emerging disease

33
Q

What might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs?

A

They should use antibiotics only when necessary

34
Q

What kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins to form in the brain?

A

prion

35
Q

Prions differ from viruses because _____

A

prions contain no DNA or RNA

36
Q

What are protists?

A

Single-celled eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, fungi or animal Kingdoms.

37
Q

What is a pseudopod?

A

Temporary projection of cytoplasm that causes the cytoplasm to flow forward propelling the organism forward.

38
Q

Who uses pseudopods

A

ameba

39
Q

What are flagella

A

Long structures supported by microtubules that spin like propellers or whip back and forth to produce movement.

40
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Exchange of genetic information and then the cell goes into mitosis.

41
Q

what does a cell do after conjugation

A

goes into mitosis

42
Q

what is an example of conjugation

A

paramecium

43
Q

What is alternation of generations

A

2 different life cycles and structures
alternate between haploid and diploid stages

44
Q

How do water molds reproduce

A

asexually by producing sporangium that contain spores

45
Q

phytoplankton carry out _____ of the photosynthesis on earth

A

half

46
Q

small, free floating organismm that are found at the surface of oceans and lakes

A

phytoplankton

47
Q

what is the primary food source for water life like whales

A

phytoplankton

48
Q

how do amoebas capture and digest food

A

through the use of pseudopods that form food vacuoles to temporarily store food until it is broken down by lysosomes

49
Q

Slime molds are _____ that form _____ that have many nuclei called _____ that absorb _____ for nutrients through their _____.

A

individual amebo forms
large structures
plasmodium
molecules
cell walls and membranes

50
Q

Trypanosoma are _____ that causes _____.

A

flagellated protist
African sleeping sickness

51
Q

Are fungus heterotrophic or autotrophic

A

heterotrophic

52
Q

are fungus eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

eukaryotic

53
Q

Fungus-Heterotrophic eukaryotes with _____

A

cell walls that contain chitin

54
Q

What is the fruiting body?

A

reproductive structure of a fungus made of hyphae that grows from the mycelium (common mushroom figure)

55
Q

What is the mycelium

A

tangled Mass of branching hyphae below the soil

56
Q

can you see the mycelium

A

no it remains below the soils and is not visible

57
Q

how do fungi return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil

A

by breaking down plants and dead material fungi

58
Q

why do fungi break down plants and dead material

A

to return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil

59
Q

lichens are a _____ between a _____ and a _____

A

mutualistic
fungus
photosynthetic organism

60
Q

mycorrhizae are a _____ relationship between a _____ and a _____ especially _____

A

mutualistic
fungus
green plant
at the root

61
Q

what is the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a green plant called? how is this relationship mutualistic

A

Mycorrhizae
The hyphae collect water and minerals and bring them to the roots increasing surface area and speed the growth of the plant.

62
Q

Lichens are a _____ association between a _____ and a _____

A

mutualistic
fungus
photosynthetic organism

63
Q

What organism is able to survive in harsh environments and usually is the first organism to invade a barren environment

A

lichen

64
Q

How do plants use sunlight?

A

they use the energy from sunlight that is captured by the leaves to carry on photosynthesis

65
Q

What were the ancestors of plants?

A

water dwelling organisms similar to single celled green algae

66
Q
A

Biology (13 decks)

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