2nd Semester Final Flashcards
What is one reason common names are not useful to biologists
they can apply to more than one animal
One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as _____
binomial nomenclature
According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized?
The genus name only
Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio do NOT belong to the same _____
species
The second part of a scientific name is unique to each _____
species in its genus
Often, the second part of a scientific name is what?
a description of a trait or habitat
Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system?
Phylum and kingdom
What is the grouping of organisms based on their common descent called?
evolutionary classification
In biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as a _____
derived character
All organisms in the kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are _____
eukaryotes
Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?
Fungi
What is the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments?
Archaea
Viruses…
vary greatly in size and structure
Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT _____
lyse the host cell right away
The instructions for making new copies of a virus are _____
coded in either RNA or DNA
How do viruses cause disease?
By destroying cells or affecting cellular processes
During a lytic infection, the host cell _____
is destroyed when it bursts
What is the basic structure of a virus?
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
Viral diseases can be prevented with _____
vaccines but not treated with antibiotics
What is the outer protein coat of a virus called?
capsid
What three materials make up many viruses?
Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are _____
preparations of weakened or killed viruses
A lytic infection concludes with the _____
bursting of the host cell
What is a prophage made of?
viral DNA
Bacteria and archaea differ in _____
the makeup of their cell walls
What does a coccus bacterial cell look like?
spherical
Which of the following can survive either with oxygen or without it?
Facultative anaerobes
During what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?
Conjugation
Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called _____
decomposers
How do bacteria cause disease?
By destroying cells and releasing toxins
Bacteria that cause disease are called _____
pathogens
An unknown disease or a well-known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control is called
an emerging disease
What might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs?
They should use antibiotics only when necessary
What kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins to form in the brain?
prion
Prions differ from viruses because _____
prions contain no DNA or RNA
What are protists?
Single-celled eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, fungi or animal Kingdoms.
What is a pseudopod?
Temporary projection of cytoplasm that causes the cytoplasm to flow forward propelling the organism forward.
Who uses pseudopods
ameba
What are flagella
Long structures supported by microtubules that spin like propellers or whip back and forth to produce movement.
What is conjugation?
Exchange of genetic information and then the cell goes into mitosis.
what does a cell do after conjugation
goes into mitosis
what is an example of conjugation
paramecium
What is alternation of generations
2 different life cycles and structures
alternate between haploid and diploid stages
How do water molds reproduce
asexually by producing sporangium that contain spores
phytoplankton carry out _____ of the photosynthesis on earth
half
small, free floating organismm that are found at the surface of oceans and lakes
phytoplankton
what is the primary food source for water life like whales
phytoplankton
how do amoebas capture and digest food
through the use of pseudopods that form food vacuoles to temporarily store food until it is broken down by lysosomes
Slime molds are _____ that form _____ that have many nuclei called _____ that absorb _____ for nutrients through their _____.
individual amebo forms
large structures
plasmodium
molecules
cell walls and membranes
Trypanosoma are _____ that causes _____.
flagellated protist
African sleeping sickness
Are fungus heterotrophic or autotrophic
heterotrophic
are fungus eukaryotic or prokaryotic
eukaryotic
Fungus-Heterotrophic eukaryotes with _____
cell walls that contain chitin
What is the fruiting body?
reproductive structure of a fungus made of hyphae that grows from the mycelium (common mushroom figure)
What is the mycelium
tangled Mass of branching hyphae below the soil
can you see the mycelium
no it remains below the soils and is not visible
how do fungi return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil
by breaking down plants and dead material fungi
why do fungi break down plants and dead material
to return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil
lichens are a _____ between a _____ and a _____
mutualistic
fungus
photosynthetic organism
mycorrhizae are a _____ relationship between a _____ and a _____ especially _____
mutualistic
fungus
green plant
at the root
what is the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a green plant called? how is this relationship mutualistic
Mycorrhizae
The hyphae collect water and minerals and bring them to the roots increasing surface area and speed the growth of the plant.
Lichens are a _____ association between a _____ and a _____
mutualistic
fungus
photosynthetic organism
What organism is able to survive in harsh environments and usually is the first organism to invade a barren environment
lichen
How do plants use sunlight?
they use the energy from sunlight that is captured by the leaves to carry on photosynthesis
What were the ancestors of plants?
water dwelling organisms similar to single celled green algae
