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Community Health > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Healthy people

A

Acts as a guide so we know what needs to be changed in our society
Details a plan as to how to get the desired changes
Tracks progress over the years
Set of health goals and objectives for the US that defines the nation’s health agenda and guides its health policy

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2
Q

Medicare

A

cares for the elderly

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3
Q

Medicaid

A

cares for the poor

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4
Q

Public

A

actions that society takes to improve their health

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5
Q

Community:

A

health status of a group of people and how they work to improve it.

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6
Q

Six Dimensions of Health

A

Physical
Emotional
Social
Intellectual/mental
Spiritual
Environmental / Occupational

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7
Q

Physical Factors of Community Health

A

geography, environment, community size, infrastructure/ industrial development

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8
Q

Geography

A

how the climate affects health ex. Parasites & insects →warm and humid climates →communicable diseases

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9
Q

Environment

A

how we treat our environment= quality of environment

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10
Q

Community size

A

larger the community= health problems & resources; community planning is essential

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11
Q

Infrastructure/Industrial Development

A

more resources= environmental pollution & occupational injuries & illnesses

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12
Q

10 Greatest Public Health Achievements

A

Vaccination (smallpox = #1)
Motor vehicle safety
Safer workplaces
Control of infectious diseases
Decline of deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
Safer and healthier foods
Healthier mothers and babies
Family planning
Fluoridation of drinking water
Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

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13
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
“Germ theory of disease”: proved that disease comes from bacteria
He’s the one who pasteurization is named after

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14
Q

Nongovernmental:

A

Deal with unmet health needs, funded by donations and membership dues.

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15
Q

Governmental

A

Government-funded facilities; Tax dollars and managed by government officials;
International; National; State; local

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16
Q

International

A

WHO; technical cooperation; control & eradicate disease; improve quality of people’s lives

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17
Q

National

A

each nation has their own; health welfare

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18
Q

State Health Agencies;

A

has their own; promote , protect and maintain the health & wellfare of their citizens

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19
Q

Local

A

city or county givernments; controlled by state; services are mandated by state laws; controls laws

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20
Q

CDC

A

Leading US health agency; Concerned with health promotion, education, environmental health, and disease control.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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21
Q

NIH

A

Research division of U.S Department of Health and Human Services; part of U.S Public Health Service
National institutes of Health

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22
Q

FDA

A

Make food, medicines, and cosmetic products safer for use. Also regulate tobacco and radiation-emitting products.
Food and Drug Administration

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23
Q

EPA

A

federal agency responsible for setting, maintaining, and enforcing environmental standards, also levy fines
Environmental Protection Agency

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24
Q

Voluntary

A

nonprofit organization created by concerned citizens to deal with a health need not met by government health agencies
March of Dimes The American Cancer Society, the AMerican Heart Association

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25
Q

Philanthropic

A

an endowed institution that donates money for the good of humankind
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, Commonwealth fund

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26
Q

Corporations

A

Create health programs at work so people don’t get sick/ unhealthy and won’t have to pay as much for health
This helps the company so they don’t have to pay health insurance

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27
Q

School health program

A

By teaching children about healthy habits early on, they are less likely to indulge in harmful behaviors later in life.

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28
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution of health events in specific populations, and the use of this study to control health problems.

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29
Q

Endemic

A

Diseases that are recurrent in a population but are not considered epidemics (less cases).

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30
Q

Epidemic

A

An unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, behavior, or event in a particular population (more cases).

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31
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease outbreak over a large geographic area (continent or bigger).

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32
Q

Chronic disease:

A

Disease’s symptoms last for over 3 months.

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33
Q

Morbidity

A

sickness

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34
Q

Mortality

A

death

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35
Q

Life expectancy; Lowest location

A

Central African Republic (50 M, 52 F)

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36
Q

Life expectancy; highest location

A

Japan (80 M, 87 F)

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37
Q

Life expectancy; US men

A

76

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38
Q

Life expectancy; US Women

A

81

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39
Q

Primary

A

Original data collected first hand (interviews, etc).

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40
Q

Secondary

A

Data collected by someone else, usually for a different purpose.
CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, Behavioral Risk Surveillance System, etc.

41
Q

Behavioral Risk Surveillance System

A

Telephone survey conducted by the CDC
Assesses the prevalence of high risk behaviors in adults (smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, lack of preventative healthcare)

42
Q

Primary Prevention Level

A

forestall the onset of illness (stopping it before it begins)

43
Q

Secondary level of prevention

A

early diagnosis and starting treatment (self screening)

44
Q

Tertiary

A

rehabilitation from illness (surgery, returning to normal)

45
Q

Communicable

A

illness that can be transferred from one organism to another

46
Q

Non-communicable

A

illness that cannot be transferred

47
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
Establishment of infection in new host

48
Q

Unmodifiable Risk Factors:

A

cannot be changed; ex. Race, gender, personality type, age, basic metabolic rate, and baseline serum cholesterol

49
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A

can be changed by behavior or environment; smoking, fatty diet; lack of exercise; obesity; hypertension, & too much stress

50
Q

Name 7 things teens are likely to do in teenage pregnancy

A

Drop out of school
Not get married / get divorced
Rely on public assistance
Live in poverty
Drink and smoke during pregnancy
Not receive prenatal care
Have a preterm/low birth weight baby

51
Q

Premature baby weight

A

5.5lbs

52
Q

Premature baby age

A

less than 37 weeks

53
Q

How long does pregnancy lasts for?

A

40 weeks

54
Q

First trimester

A

week 1-12

55
Q

second trimester

A

week 13-26

56
Q

third trimester

A

week 27-40

57
Q

Prenatal care examples

A

Screenings, vitamins, checkups, counseling

58
Q

Chuld Maltreatment examples

A

Physical abuse, neglect (physical, educational, emotional, and/or medical), sexual abuse, emotional abuse(psychological/verbal abuse and/or mental injury) and other types of maltreatment such as abandonment, exploitation and/or threats

59
Q

WIC program

A

Supplemental food program for woman, infants, and children sponsored by USDA; offered to pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants up to 1 and children under the age of 5

60
Q

Title X

A

Part of the Public Health Service Act of 1970; provides funds for family planning for low income people

61
Q

Family planning

A

Determining the preferred number and spacing of children and choosing appropriate means to accomplish it

62
Q

Morbidity Kids

A

Increase in vaccinations have decreased morbidity
Examples: drowning, falls, fires, burns, etc

63
Q

Mortality kids 1-4 years

A

Unintentional injuries
Congenital abnormalities
Homicide

64
Q

5-14 year olds
mortality

A

Unintentional injuries
Cancer
Congenital abnormalities

65
Q

Mortality-kids leading cause of death

A

unintentional injuries (motor vehicle crahses0

66
Q

Morbidity Teens and YA

A

STIs are most common, everything else has been declining
HIV infections in youth were mostly found in black people.

67
Q

Mortality Teens and YA

A

Has been decreasing since 1950, generally due to advances in medicine
Obesity epidemic may shorten life expectancy
Men have a higher rate than women (mostly bc of stupid risky behavior)

68
Q

ages 5-14 causes of death

A

unintentional injuries, cancer, suicide.

69
Q

ages 15-24 causes of death

A

mostly behavior related

70
Q

Which race/ ethnicity has the most car accidents rates?

A

White and American Indian men

71
Q

Which race/ ethnicity has the most suicide rates?

A

Native American men

72
Q

Which race/ ethnicity has the most homicide rates?

A

Black men

73
Q

Protective factors

A

protect against bad influences and decisions, such as doing drugs.

74
Q

Risk

A

puts a person at a greater risk for indulging in dangerous behaviors.

75
Q

Cancer risk factors

A

Obesity
Physical inactivity
Diet high in red or processed meats
Smoking
Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption

76
Q

Types of cvd

A

hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease)

77
Q

CVD risks

A

Smoking
Physical inactivity
Poor nutrition

78
Q

Maritial Status Elderly

A

Divorce rates are increasing
Older men are married more often than older women, because:
Men tend to live for a lower amount of time (leaving women widowed)
Men tend to marry younger women (again, they die first)
They remarry more often, mostly because they need assistance

79
Q

Living Arrangements- Elderly

A

Based on income, health status, and the availability of caregivers.
Women are more likely to live alone than men

80
Q

Racial and Ethnic Composition

A

he majority of old people in America are white rn
Old hispanic people are probably going to become the largest demographic

81
Q

Geographic Distribution- Elderly

A

They mostly live in 13 states, the ones with major cities
Elders live in populated areas in order to access better healthcare

82
Q

Economic Status- Elderly

A

Main sources of income:
Social Security
Earnings
Assets
Private or governmental pensions
Unmarried people are more likely to live in poverty

83
Q

Instrumental Tasks

A

housekeeping, transportation, maintenance on the automobile or yard, and assistance with business affairs

84
Q

Cognitive tasks

A

assistance that involves scheduling appointments, monitoring health conditions, reminding elders of the need to take medications, amd in general acting as a backup memory

85
Q

Expressive tasks:

A

Emotional support, socializing and inclusion in social gatherings, and trying to prevent feelings of loneliness and isolation

86
Q

Tasks of daily living:

A

eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, walking, getting in and out of bed or a chair, and getting outside

87
Q

Physical limitations test- Elderly adults- 8

A

Walking two to three blocks
Stooping/kneeling
Lifting 10 lbs
Reaching up overhead
Standing for 2 hrs
Sitting for 2 hrs
Grasp small objects / writing
Walking up 10 steps without resting

88
Q

Impairments

A

deficits in the functioning of one’s sense organs or limitations in one’s mobility or range of motion. Include:
Sensory impairments (vision, hearing, balance, feeling)
Physical impairments
Cognitive impairments

89
Q

Why are mortality rates decreasing for old people?

A

here was a decrease in child deaths in the beginning of the 21st century
Advances in medicine kept middle-aged people longer, so they’re getting old now

90
Q

Top 5 Leading causes of death:
Old people

A

Heart disease
Cancer
Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD),
CVA (stroke)
Alzheimer’s (leading cause of memory loss)
Cancer rates have been staying the same, but 1 and 3 have been decreasing

91
Q

18th century

A

Industrial revolution
Marine hospital service
First US Census

92
Q

19th century
modern era of public health

A

lemuel shattuck: board of health,, closer food insoections, research on diseases, & collecting of health data
John Snow: Cholera came from the water

93
Q

19th century bateriologica period of public health

A

Smallpox vaccination
Germ Theory: bacteria and syptoms
Sanitary suvery, Amercan public health assosciation, food & drink inspection & better quality, nurse hiring, and sewage treatment

94
Q

20th century
health resources development period

A

reform phase of public health
- social issues (immigration, low playing jobs)
- the jungle by Upton sinclair: bad conditions in meat packing industry
- pure food and drug acts
- improved working dconditiojs
- American Cancer society
- Public health nursing uprise
- communicable diseases lead to dwath

95
Q

19th century 1920s

A

Slow growth of public health
First program for health education specialists
Prohibition led to less alcoholics

96
Q

Great depression & world war 11; postwar years

A

Social Security Act of 1935: government becomes involved in social and health issues
Medical discovery of antibiotics
CDC established
Polio vaccination
Hill-Burton Act improves medical care & quality of hospitals. Built with little planning.
President Eisenhower’s heart attack brings national attention to heart disease

97
Q

19th century Period of social engineering

A

Medicare and Medicaid established
Improved standards in health facilities
Big increase in healthcare costs

98
Q

Period of Health promotion

A

Healthy People publication established
OSHA established
Healthy People document reported every 10 years; defines the nation’s health agenda and guides its health policy
Alcohol & drug abuse
Health disparities
Environmental issues (pollution, climate change)
Disasters (natural & human-made)
Lifestyle diseases = #1 cause of death
Emphasis on prevention and preparedness
Terrorism (domestic & international)
Focus on individual health

Community Health (9 decks)

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