Final Flashcards
Healthy people
Acts as a guide so we know what needs to be changed in our society
Details a plan as to how to get the desired changes
Tracks progress over the years
Set of health goals and objectives for the US that defines the nation’s health agenda and guides its health policy
Medicare
cares for the elderly
Medicaid
cares for the poor
Public
actions that society takes to improve their health
Community:
health status of a group of people and how they work to improve it.
Six Dimensions of Health
Physical
Emotional
Social
Intellectual/mental
Spiritual
Environmental / Occupational
Physical Factors of Community Health
geography, environment, community size, infrastructure/ industrial development
Geography
how the climate affects health ex. Parasites & insects →warm and humid climates →communicable diseases
Environment
how we treat our environment= quality of environment
Community size
larger the community= health problems & resources; community planning is essential
Infrastructure/Industrial Development
more resources= environmental pollution & occupational injuries & illnesses
10 Greatest Public Health Achievements
Vaccination (smallpox = #1)
Motor vehicle safety
Safer workplaces
Control of infectious diseases
Decline of deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
Safer and healthier foods
Healthier mothers and babies
Family planning
Fluoridation of drinking water
Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
Louis Pasteur
Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
“Germ theory of disease”: proved that disease comes from bacteria
He’s the one who pasteurization is named after
Nongovernmental:
Deal with unmet health needs, funded by donations and membership dues.
Governmental
Government-funded facilities; Tax dollars and managed by government officials;
International; National; State; local
International
WHO; technical cooperation; control & eradicate disease; improve quality of people’s lives
National
each nation has their own; health welfare
State Health Agencies;
has their own; promote , protect and maintain the health & wellfare of their citizens
Local
city or county givernments; controlled by state; services are mandated by state laws; controls laws
CDC
Leading US health agency; Concerned with health promotion, education, environmental health, and disease control.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
NIH
Research division of U.S Department of Health and Human Services; part of U.S Public Health Service
National institutes of Health
FDA
Make food, medicines, and cosmetic products safer for use. Also regulate tobacco and radiation-emitting products.
Food and Drug Administration
EPA
federal agency responsible for setting, maintaining, and enforcing environmental standards, also levy fines
Environmental Protection Agency
Voluntary
nonprofit organization created by concerned citizens to deal with a health need not met by government health agencies
March of Dimes The American Cancer Society, the AMerican Heart Association
Philanthropic
an endowed institution that donates money for the good of humankind
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, Commonwealth fund
Corporations
Create health programs at work so people don’t get sick/ unhealthy and won’t have to pay as much for health
This helps the company so they don’t have to pay health insurance
School health program
By teaching children about healthy habits early on, they are less likely to indulge in harmful behaviors later in life.
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution of health events in specific populations, and the use of this study to control health problems.
Endemic
Diseases that are recurrent in a population but are not considered epidemics (less cases).
Epidemic
An unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, behavior, or event in a particular population (more cases).
Pandemic
Disease outbreak over a large geographic area (continent or bigger).
Chronic disease:
Disease’s symptoms last for over 3 months.
Morbidity
sickness
Mortality
death
Life expectancy; Lowest location
Central African Republic (50 M, 52 F)
Life expectancy; highest location
Japan (80 M, 87 F)
Life expectancy; US men
76
Life expectancy; US Women
81
Primary
Original data collected first hand (interviews, etc).
Secondary
Data collected by someone else, usually for a different purpose.
CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, Behavioral Risk Surveillance System, etc.
Behavioral Risk Surveillance System
Telephone survey conducted by the CDC
Assesses the prevalence of high risk behaviors in adults (smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, lack of preventative healthcare)
Primary Prevention Level
forestall the onset of illness (stopping it before it begins)
Secondary level of prevention
early diagnosis and starting treatment (self screening)
Tertiary
rehabilitation from illness (surgery, returning to normal)
Communicable
illness that can be transferred from one organism to another
Non-communicable
illness that cannot be transferred
Chain of Infection
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
Establishment of infection in new host
Unmodifiable Risk Factors:
cannot be changed; ex. Race, gender, personality type, age, basic metabolic rate, and baseline serum cholesterol
Modifiable risk factors
can be changed by behavior or environment; smoking, fatty diet; lack of exercise; obesity; hypertension, & too much stress
Name 7 things teens are likely to do in teenage pregnancy
Drop out of school
Not get married / get divorced
Rely on public assistance
Live in poverty
Drink and smoke during pregnancy
Not receive prenatal care
Have a preterm/low birth weight baby
Premature baby weight
5.5lbs
Premature baby age
less than 37 weeks
How long does pregnancy lasts for?
40 weeks
First trimester
week 1-12
second trimester
week 13-26
third trimester
week 27-40
Prenatal care examples
Screenings, vitamins, checkups, counseling
Chuld Maltreatment examples
Physical abuse, neglect (physical, educational, emotional, and/or medical), sexual abuse, emotional abuse(psychological/verbal abuse and/or mental injury) and other types of maltreatment such as abandonment, exploitation and/or threats
WIC program
Supplemental food program for woman, infants, and children sponsored by USDA; offered to pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants up to 1 and children under the age of 5
Title X
Part of the Public Health Service Act of 1970; provides funds for family planning for low income people
Family planning
Determining the preferred number and spacing of children and choosing appropriate means to accomplish it
Morbidity Kids
Increase in vaccinations have decreased morbidity
Examples: drowning, falls, fires, burns, etc
Mortality kids 1-4 years
Unintentional injuries
Congenital abnormalities
Homicide
5-14 year olds
mortality
Unintentional injuries
Cancer
Congenital abnormalities
Mortality-kids leading cause of death
unintentional injuries (motor vehicle crahses0
Morbidity Teens and YA
STIs are most common, everything else has been declining
HIV infections in youth were mostly found in black people.
Mortality Teens and YA
Has been decreasing since 1950, generally due to advances in medicine
Obesity epidemic may shorten life expectancy
Men have a higher rate than women (mostly bc of stupid risky behavior)
ages 5-14 causes of death
unintentional injuries, cancer, suicide.
ages 15-24 causes of death
mostly behavior related
Which race/ ethnicity has the most car accidents rates?
White and American Indian men
Which race/ ethnicity has the most suicide rates?
Native American men
Which race/ ethnicity has the most homicide rates?
Black men
Protective factors
protect against bad influences and decisions, such as doing drugs.
Risk
puts a person at a greater risk for indulging in dangerous behaviors.
Cancer risk factors
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Diet high in red or processed meats
Smoking
Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption
Types of cvd
hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease)
CVD risks
Smoking
Physical inactivity
Poor nutrition
Maritial Status Elderly
Divorce rates are increasing
Older men are married more often than older women, because:
Men tend to live for a lower amount of time (leaving women widowed)
Men tend to marry younger women (again, they die first)
They remarry more often, mostly because they need assistance
Living Arrangements- Elderly
Based on income, health status, and the availability of caregivers.
Women are more likely to live alone than men
Racial and Ethnic Composition
he majority of old people in America are white rn
Old hispanic people are probably going to become the largest demographic
Geographic Distribution- Elderly
They mostly live in 13 states, the ones with major cities
Elders live in populated areas in order to access better healthcare
Economic Status- Elderly
Main sources of income:
Social Security
Earnings
Assets
Private or governmental pensions
Unmarried people are more likely to live in poverty
Instrumental Tasks
housekeeping, transportation, maintenance on the automobile or yard, and assistance with business affairs
Cognitive tasks
assistance that involves scheduling appointments, monitoring health conditions, reminding elders of the need to take medications, amd in general acting as a backup memory
Expressive tasks:
Emotional support, socializing and inclusion in social gatherings, and trying to prevent feelings of loneliness and isolation
Tasks of daily living:
eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, walking, getting in and out of bed or a chair, and getting outside
Physical limitations test- Elderly adults- 8
Walking two to three blocks
Stooping/kneeling
Lifting 10 lbs
Reaching up overhead
Standing for 2 hrs
Sitting for 2 hrs
Grasp small objects / writing
Walking up 10 steps without resting
Impairments
deficits in the functioning of one’s sense organs or limitations in one’s mobility or range of motion. Include:
Sensory impairments (vision, hearing, balance, feeling)
Physical impairments
Cognitive impairments
Why are mortality rates decreasing for old people?
here was a decrease in child deaths in the beginning of the 21st century
Advances in medicine kept middle-aged people longer, so they’re getting old now
Top 5 Leading causes of death:
Old people
Heart disease
Cancer
Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD),
CVA (stroke)
Alzheimer’s (leading cause of memory loss)
Cancer rates have been staying the same, but 1 and 3 have been decreasing
18th century
Industrial revolution
Marine hospital service
First US Census
19th century
modern era of public health
lemuel shattuck: board of health,, closer food insoections, research on diseases, & collecting of health data
John Snow: Cholera came from the water
19th century bateriologica period of public health
Smallpox vaccination
Germ Theory: bacteria and syptoms
Sanitary suvery, Amercan public health assosciation, food & drink inspection & better quality, nurse hiring, and sewage treatment
20th century
health resources development period
reform phase of public health
- social issues (immigration, low playing jobs)
- the jungle by Upton sinclair: bad conditions in meat packing industry
- pure food and drug acts
- improved working dconditiojs
- American Cancer society
- Public health nursing uprise
- communicable diseases lead to dwath
19th century 1920s
Slow growth of public health
First program for health education specialists
Prohibition led to less alcoholics
Great depression & world war 11; postwar years
Social Security Act of 1935: government becomes involved in social and health issues
Medical discovery of antibiotics
CDC established
Polio vaccination
Hill-Burton Act improves medical care & quality of hospitals. Built with little planning.
President Eisenhower’s heart attack brings national attention to heart disease
19th century Period of social engineering
Medicare and Medicaid established
Improved standards in health facilities
Big increase in healthcare costs
Period of Health promotion
Healthy People publication established
OSHA established
Healthy People document reported every 10 years; defines the nation’s health agenda and guides its health policy
Alcohol & drug abuse
Health disparities
Environmental issues (pollution, climate change)
Disasters (natural & human-made)
Lifestyle diseases = #1 cause of death
Emphasis on prevention and preparedness
Terrorism (domestic & international)
Focus on individual health
