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Community Health > Chapter 4: Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

an illness caused by some specific biological agent or its toxic product can be transmitted from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host

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2
Q

Noncommunicable Diseases:

A

a disease that cannot be transmitted from an infected host to the susceptible host

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3
Q

Acute Diseases

A

diseases and symptoms that last under 3 months

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4
Q

Chronic Disease

A

diseases/ symptoms that last over 3 months

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5
Q

Examples of Acute Communicable diseases

A

Common cold, pneumonia, measles, typhoid fever, mumps

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6
Q

Examples of non-communicable acute diseases

A

Appendicitis, poisoning, injury ( due to motor vehicle crash, fire, gunshot, etc.)

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7
Q

Examples of Communicable Chronic Diseases

A

AIDS, Lyme Disease, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Hepatitis B

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8
Q

Examples of Non-communicable Chronic Diseases

A

Diabetes, Coronary Heart Disease, Osteoarthritis, cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism,

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9
Q

Infectivity

A

the ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host

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10
Q

Pathogenicity:

A

the capability of a communicable disease agent to cause disease in a susceptible host

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11
Q

Agent (Pathogenic Agent)

A

the cause of the disease or health problem

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12
Q

Host

A

a person or other living organism that affords subsistence or lodgement to a communicable agent under natural conditions

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13
Q

Chain of Infection:

A

A model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to its susceptible host

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14
Q

Case

A

A person who is sick with a disease

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15
Q

Carrier

A

One who is well but infected and is capable as serving a source of infection

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16
Q

Zoonosis and give examples of diseases

A

A communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
Plague, rabies and Lyme disease

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17
Q

Anthroponoses and give an example

A

A disease that can only affect humans
Measles

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18
Q

direct transmission

A

the immediate transfer of the disease agent between the infected and the susceptible host

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19
Q

What are some examples of direct contact?

A

touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by droplet spread onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a disease of one meter or less)

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20
Q

Examples of Direct Transmission

A

AIDS, syphillis, gonorrhea, rabies, and the common cold

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21
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

communicable disease transmission involving an intermediate step

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22
Q

What are 3 types of indirect transmission?

A

airborne, vehicle-borne, or vector-borne

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23
Q

Airborne transmission:

A

dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry usually the respiratory tract
Stay suspended and infected for long periods of time

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24
Q

Examples of Airborne Transmission

A

Tuberculosis, Influenza, Histoplasmosis, Legionellosis, and measles

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25
Q

Vehicle

A

an inanimate material or object that serves as a source of infection

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26
Q

Examples of vehicles

A

Toys, handkerchiefs, bedding food, blood, serum, plasma

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27
Q

Vectorborne Transmission:

A

Transfer of disease by a living organism such as mosquito, fly or tick

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28
Q

Vector

A

a living organism usually an arthropod that can transmit a communicable agent to susceptible hosts

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29
Q

Examples of Vectorborne Transmission Diseases

A

Zika fever, yellow fever, dengue fever, West Nile

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30
Q

What are some infectious agents examples?

A

Bacteria, Fungin, Viruses and Parasites

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31
Q

What are some examples of resevoir?

A

Dirty surfaces and equipment, people, water, animals/insects, soil (earth)

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32
Q

What are some examples of portal of exit?

A

Open wounds/ skin, splatter of body fluids, and aerosols

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33
Q

Portal of entry

A

Broken skin/ incisions, respiratory tract mucuos membranes, catheters and tubes

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34
Q

Etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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35
Q

Multicausation Disease Model:

A

a visual representation of the host together with various internal and external factors that promote and protect against the disease

36
Q

What are the three causative agents for disease & injury?

A

biological, chemical and physical

37
Q

What are some examples of a biological cuasative agent?

A

bacteria, virus, rickettsiae, protozoa, fungi, yeast, worms

38
Q

What are some examples of chemical causative agents?

A

smoke, food additives, cleaning products

39
Q

What are some physical causative agents?

A

heat, radiation, noise, sports injuries

40
Q

Prevention

A

Planning for and taking action to prevent or forestall onset of a disease or health problem

41
Q

Intervention

A

Effort to control disease in progress; taking action during an event

42
Q

Control

A

Containment of a disease; prevention & intervention measures

43
Q

Eradication

A

Total elimination of disease from human population

44
Q

Isolation

A

Separation of infected persons from susceptible

45
Q

Quarantine

A

Limiting freedom of movement for those who have been exposed

46
Q

What are the criteria used to judge importance of a disease to a community?

A

Mortality rate (how many people are dying from the disease)
YPLL (years of potential life lost)
Financial costs associated with the disease

47
Q

What are the three levels of prevention?

A

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

48
Q

Define Primary Prevntion

A

Forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period

49
Q

What is the defintion of secondary prevention?

A

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe

50
Q

Define Tertiary Prevention

A

Aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retrain, reeducate, rehabilitate

51
Q

Community measures for primary Prevention for communicable diseases

A

chlorinating the water supply. The inspection of restaurants and retail food markets, immunization programs, maintenance of a well- functioning swerve system, the proper disposal of soil waste, and the control of vectors and rodents.

52
Q

What are personal measures for Primary prevention of Communicable diseases?

A

vaccine,Hand washing, proper cooking of food, adequate clothing & housing, using condoms, and obtaining all of the available immunization against specific diseases

53
Q

What are some community measures for secondary prevention of communicable diseases?

A

(aimed at controlling or limiting the extent of an epidemic): carefully maintaining records of cases, and complying with the regulations requiring the reporting of notifiable diseases and investigating cases and contacts

54
Q

what are some examples of tertiary prevention of communicable diseases at a community level?

A

(aimed at preventing the reccurence of the epidemic) the proper removal, embalming, and burial of the dead is an example
reapplication of primary and secondary measures

55
Q

What are some community level primary prevention for noncommunicable diseases?

A

health promotion, health education programs, health & medical services, and protection from environmental & occupational hazards

56
Q

What are some individual level primary prevention for noncommunicable diseases?

A

getting to know family historyl eating proeprly, exercising adequately, maintaing appropriate weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding drugs; driving safety; wearing a seat belt wearing sunscreen

57
Q

What are some community measures for secondary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?

A

mass screenings for chronic diseases; case-finding measures, & the provision of adeuqate health personnel, equipmetn, and facilities for the community

58
Q

What are some individual measures for secondary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?

A

personal screenings, medical screenings, having regular medical and dental checkups

59
Q

What are some individual measures for secondary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?

A

personal screenings, medical screenings, having regular medical and dental checkups

60
Q

What are some community measures for tertiary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?

A

adequate emergency personnel medical personnel, services and facilities for people that primary and secondary prevention did not work for

61
Q

What are some individual measures for tertiary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?

A

significiant behavioral or lifestyle chnages

62
Q

What is Heart Disease?

A

Several types of heart conditions:Blood clot in coronary artery
Astherosaerotic narrowing that blocks and artery
Decrease in oxygen flow

63
Q

Arrythmias:

A

Irregularity in the heart rate that occurs when electrical impulses don’t coordinate heart beat

64
Q

Heart Failure

A

Heart damaged or overworked & lacks the strength to keep blood circulating

65
Q

Symptoms of Heart Failure

A

fluid accumulation: swelling in extremities: shortness of breath and tiredness

66
Q

What are some example of modifiable risk factors?

A

Getting more sleep and managing stress

67
Q

What are some nonmodifiable risk factors?

A

Race and ethnicity: health disparities
Hereditary
Age
Gender

68
Q

Symptoms of Heart Disease:

A

Palpitations, chest pain or discomfort, upper back or neck pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea or vomiting

69
Q

Risk Factors of Heart Disease

A

High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, overweight & obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use

70
Q

How can you tell if you are overweight?

A

Using BMI

71
Q

What is the physical metirc used?

A

10,000 steps

72
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disease in which abnormal cells divide out of control and invade other tissues

73
Q

What is the desirable blood pressure?

A

120/80 or 90/60

74
Q

What is the blood pressure for hypertension?

A

140/90-

75
Q

What number is classified for overweight for females?

A

35” hips and thighs

76
Q

What number is classified for overweight for males?

A

40” for the stomach

77
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

Not in a shell and spreads

78
Q

Benign Tumors

A

in a shell; does not spread

79
Q

Prevention measures for cancer

A

Screening, vaccine, keeping a healthy weight, avoiding tobacco, limiting the amount of alcohol consumption, and protecting skin

80
Q

At what age is it reccommended to do a colonscopy?

A

45

81
Q

At what age is it reccommended to do a mammogram?

A

40

82
Q

At what age is it reccommended to do a pap smears?

A

21

83
Q

WHat is Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Immune disorder
At a young age

84
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes/

A

Metabolic Disorder
When cells don’t respond to insulin- insulin resistance. Pancreas keeps making more insulin and blood sugar rises
Blood test

85
Q

What are the risk facors for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Prediabetes, overweight 45 years or older have a family member with Type 2, physically active less than 3 times a week, diabetes during pregnancy, birth to a baby over 9 pounds
African American, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian or Alaska Native person, Pacific Islanders, and Asian

Community Health (9 decks)

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