Chapter 4: Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases Flashcards
Communicable Diseases
an illness caused by some specific biological agent or its toxic product can be transmitted from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host
Noncommunicable Diseases:
a disease that cannot be transmitted from an infected host to the susceptible host
Acute Diseases
diseases and symptoms that last under 3 months
Chronic Disease
diseases/ symptoms that last over 3 months
Examples of Acute Communicable diseases
Common cold, pneumonia, measles, typhoid fever, mumps
Examples of non-communicable acute diseases
Appendicitis, poisoning, injury ( due to motor vehicle crash, fire, gunshot, etc.)
Examples of Communicable Chronic Diseases
AIDS, Lyme Disease, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Hepatitis B
Examples of Non-communicable Chronic Diseases
Diabetes, Coronary Heart Disease, Osteoarthritis, cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism,
Infectivity
the ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
Pathogenicity:
the capability of a communicable disease agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
Agent (Pathogenic Agent)
the cause of the disease or health problem
Host
a person or other living organism that affords subsistence or lodgement to a communicable agent under natural conditions
Chain of Infection:
A model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to its susceptible host
Case
A person who is sick with a disease
Carrier
One who is well but infected and is capable as serving a source of infection
Zoonosis and give examples of diseases
A communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
Plague, rabies and Lyme disease
Anthroponoses and give an example
A disease that can only affect humans
Measles
direct transmission
the immediate transfer of the disease agent between the infected and the susceptible host
What are some examples of direct contact?
touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by droplet spread onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a disease of one meter or less)
Examples of Direct Transmission
AIDS, syphillis, gonorrhea, rabies, and the common cold
Indirect Transmission
communicable disease transmission involving an intermediate step
What are 3 types of indirect transmission?
airborne, vehicle-borne, or vector-borne
Airborne transmission:
dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry usually the respiratory tract
Stay suspended and infected for long periods of time
Examples of Airborne Transmission
Tuberculosis, Influenza, Histoplasmosis, Legionellosis, and measles
Vehicle
an inanimate material or object that serves as a source of infection
Examples of vehicles
Toys, handkerchiefs, bedding food, blood, serum, plasma
Vectorborne Transmission:
Transfer of disease by a living organism such as mosquito, fly or tick
Vector
a living organism usually an arthropod that can transmit a communicable agent to susceptible hosts
Examples of Vectorborne Transmission Diseases
Zika fever, yellow fever, dengue fever, West Nile
What are some infectious agents examples?
Bacteria, Fungin, Viruses and Parasites
What are some examples of resevoir?
Dirty surfaces and equipment, people, water, animals/insects, soil (earth)
What are some examples of portal of exit?
Open wounds/ skin, splatter of body fluids, and aerosols
Portal of entry
Broken skin/ incisions, respiratory tract mucuos membranes, catheters and tubes
Etiology
the cause of a disease
Multicausation Disease Model:
a visual representation of the host together with various internal and external factors that promote and protect against the disease
What are the three causative agents for disease & injury?
biological, chemical and physical
What are some examples of a biological cuasative agent?
bacteria, virus, rickettsiae, protozoa, fungi, yeast, worms
What are some examples of chemical causative agents?
smoke, food additives, cleaning products
What are some physical causative agents?
heat, radiation, noise, sports injuries
Prevention
Planning for and taking action to prevent or forestall onset of a disease or health problem
Intervention
Effort to control disease in progress; taking action during an event
Control
Containment of a disease; prevention & intervention measures
Eradication
Total elimination of disease from human population
Isolation
Separation of infected persons from susceptible
Quarantine
Limiting freedom of movement for those who have been exposed
What are the criteria used to judge importance of a disease to a community?
Mortality rate (how many people are dying from the disease)
YPLL (years of potential life lost)
Financial costs associated with the disease
What are the three levels of prevention?
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
Define Primary Prevntion
Forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period
What is the defintion of secondary prevention?
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe
Define Tertiary Prevention
Aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retrain, reeducate, rehabilitate
Community measures for primary Prevention for communicable diseases
chlorinating the water supply. The inspection of restaurants and retail food markets, immunization programs, maintenance of a well- functioning swerve system, the proper disposal of soil waste, and the control of vectors and rodents.
What are personal measures for Primary prevention of Communicable diseases?
vaccine,Hand washing, proper cooking of food, adequate clothing & housing, using condoms, and obtaining all of the available immunization against specific diseases
What are some community measures for secondary prevention of communicable diseases?
(aimed at controlling or limiting the extent of an epidemic): carefully maintaining records of cases, and complying with the regulations requiring the reporting of notifiable diseases and investigating cases and contacts
what are some examples of tertiary prevention of communicable diseases at a community level?
(aimed at preventing the reccurence of the epidemic) the proper removal, embalming, and burial of the dead is an example
reapplication of primary and secondary measures
What are some community level primary prevention for noncommunicable diseases?
health promotion, health education programs, health & medical services, and protection from environmental & occupational hazards
What are some individual level primary prevention for noncommunicable diseases?
getting to know family historyl eating proeprly, exercising adequately, maintaing appropriate weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding drugs; driving safety; wearing a seat belt wearing sunscreen
What are some community measures for secondary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?
mass screenings for chronic diseases; case-finding measures, & the provision of adeuqate health personnel, equipmetn, and facilities for the community
What are some individual measures for secondary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?
personal screenings, medical screenings, having regular medical and dental checkups
What are some individual measures for secondary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?
personal screenings, medical screenings, having regular medical and dental checkups
What are some community measures for tertiary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?
adequate emergency personnel medical personnel, services and facilities for people that primary and secondary prevention did not work for
What are some individual measures for tertiary prevention of noncommunicable diseases?
significiant behavioral or lifestyle chnages
What is Heart Disease?
Several types of heart conditions:Blood clot in coronary artery
Astherosaerotic narrowing that blocks and artery
Decrease in oxygen flow
Arrythmias:
Irregularity in the heart rate that occurs when electrical impulses don’t coordinate heart beat
Heart Failure
Heart damaged or overworked & lacks the strength to keep blood circulating
Symptoms of Heart Failure
fluid accumulation: swelling in extremities: shortness of breath and tiredness
What are some example of modifiable risk factors?
Getting more sleep and managing stress
What are some nonmodifiable risk factors?
Race and ethnicity: health disparities
Hereditary
Age
Gender
Symptoms of Heart Disease:
Palpitations, chest pain or discomfort, upper back or neck pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea or vomiting
Risk Factors of Heart Disease
High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, overweight & obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use
How can you tell if you are overweight?
Using BMI
What is the physical metirc used?
10,000 steps
What is cancer?
A disease in which abnormal cells divide out of control and invade other tissues
What is the desirable blood pressure?
120/80 or 90/60
What is the blood pressure for hypertension?
140/90-
What number is classified for overweight for females?
35” hips and thighs
What number is classified for overweight for males?
40” for the stomach
Malignant Tumor
Not in a shell and spreads
Benign Tumors
in a shell; does not spread
Prevention measures for cancer
Screening, vaccine, keeping a healthy weight, avoiding tobacco, limiting the amount of alcohol consumption, and protecting skin
At what age is it reccommended to do a colonscopy?
45
At what age is it reccommended to do a mammogram?
40
At what age is it reccommended to do a pap smears?
21
WHat is Type 1 Diabetes?
Immune disorder
At a young age
What is Type 2 Diabetes/
Metabolic Disorder
When cells don’t respond to insulin- insulin resistance. Pancreas keeps making more insulin and blood sugar rises
Blood test
What are the risk facors for Type 2 Diabetes?
Prediabetes, overweight 45 years or older have a family member with Type 2, physically active less than 3 times a week, diabetes during pregnancy, birth to a baby over 9 pounds
African American, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian or Alaska Native person, Pacific Islanders, and Asian
