Chapter 14: Environment Flashcards

1
Q

air pollution

A

ontamination of the air that interferes w/ comfort, safety, & health of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are teh 3 major sources of air pollution?

A

transportation, electric power plants, & industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary pollutants?

A

primary: emanding directly from transportation, power+industrial plants, & refineries
secondary:air pollutant formed when primary air pollutants react w/ sunlight & atmospheric components to form new substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between photochemical smog and industrial smog?

A

photochemical smog = haze/fog formed when air pollutants react w/ sunlight aka brown smog
industrial smog (haze/fog formed primarily by sulfur dioxide & suspended particles from burning of coal, aka gray smog)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most dangerous air pollutants?

A

ozone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is ozone found?

A

in stratosphere but also found at ground level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ozone

A

inorganic molecule considered a pollutant in atmosphere bc it harms human tissue, but considered beneficial in stratosphere bc it screens out uv rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does ozone impact human health?

A

chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, congestion, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, reduced lung function, & permanent scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is thermal inversion?

A

caused ground level ozone;
a condition that occurs when warm air traps cool air at surface of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the clean air act?

A

the fed. law that provides the gov. w/ authority to address interstate air pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are examples of amendments made during the clean air act?

A

emission standards for automobiles, emission standards for new industries, & ambient air quality standards for urban areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the environmental protection agency?

A

the fed. agency primarily responsible for setting maintaining, & enforcing environmental standards/authorizing & overseeing state agencies that enforce established standards- gives state power to punish violators & implement programs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are criteria pollutants?

A

most pervasive air pollutants & those of greatest concern in u.s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are designated pollutants?

A

sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ground lvl ozone, respirable particulate matter, & lead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the air quality index?

A

an index that indicates the lvl of pollution in the air & associated health risk ; calculated by epa and metioned on weather channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

atmospheric gases, principally carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, methane, water vapor, & nitrous oxide, that are transparent nto visible light but absorb infrared radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do greenhouses gases do that contribute to global warming?

A

reduces heat retention; trap excessive amounts of heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the major sources of air pollution?

A

building+insulation materials, biogenic pollutants, combustion by-products, home furnishing+cleaning agents, radon gas, & tobacco smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are asbetos?

A

a naturally occurring mineral fiber identified as a class a carcinogen by epa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do you find asbetos today?

A

used in older buildings to insulate pipes, walls+ceilings, component of floor+ceiling tiles, sprayed in structures for fireproofing; major release after 9/11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are biogenic pollutants?

A

airborne biological organisms/their particles/gases/other toxic materials that can produce illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you reduce biogenic pollutants?

A

remove standing water & wet/water-damaged materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are combustion by-product?

A

gases & particulates generated by burning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do combustion by-product include?

A

carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are major sources of combustion by-product?

A

fireplaces, wood stoves, kerosene heaters, candle, incense, secondhand tobacco smoke, & improperly maintained gas stoves & furnaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are volatile organic compounds?

A

compound that exists as vapor over the normal range of air pressures & temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are volatile organic compounds found?

A

onstruction materials (paint+insulation), structural components (vinyl tile+sheet rock), furnishings (drapes+upholstery fabric), cleansers & solvents (liquid detergent+furniture polish), personal care products (deodorant+eyeliner pencil), insecticides/pesticides, electrical equipment (computers), & combustion of wood+kerosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is formaldehyde?

A

water-soluble gas used in aqueous solutions in hundreds of consumer products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where can you find formaldehyde?

A

grocery bags, wallpaper, carpet, insulation, wall paneling, wallboard, wood products (plywood+particle board); also a carcinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is radon and where do you find it?

A

radioactive gas; seeps into a home from surrounding soils, rocks and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does radon affect somebody’s health?

A

1 cause for cancer for nonsmokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where do you find mold?

A

fungi that thrive in warm, damp and humid conditions. damp surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How can you prevent mold from getting in your home?

A

emoving damp/wet furnishing/building materials, preventing condensation, maintaining indoor humidity between 30%-60%, venting damp air out of home, using air conditioners, dehumidifiers, & bathroom exhaust fans to control moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is environmental tobacco smoke/ second hand smoke?

A

bacco smoke in the environment that is a mixture of mainstream & sidestream smoke that can be inhaled by nearby/transient nonsmokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is mainstream smoke?

A

tobacco smoke inhaled & exhaled by the smoker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is sidestream smoking?

A

tobacco smoke that comes off the end of burning tobacco product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is passive smoking?

A

inhalation of ets by nonsmokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is sickbuilding syndrome?

A

= a situation in which the air quality in a building produces generalized signs & symptoms of ill health in building’s occupants; proper indoor air control limits are not implemented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are sources of water?

A

surface/ groundwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is surface water?

A

precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground/return to atmosphere by evaporation; the water in streams, rivers, & lakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is ground water?

A

water located under the surface of the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is point source water pollution?

A

pollution that can be traced to a single identifiable source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are aquafers?

A

water saturated layers of bedrock

44
Q

What is a nonpoint source?

A

all pollution that occurs through runoff, seepage, or falling of pollutants into the water where the source is difficult/impossible to identify; cannot be controlled

What

45
Q

What are biological water pollutants?

A

pathogens (parasites, bacteria, viruses, & other undesirable living miroorgs.)

46
Q

What are non biological pollutants?

A

heat, inorg. chem. (lead, copper, & arsenic), org. chem., & radioactive contaminants; include endocrine-disrupting chem. & pharmaceuticals+personal care products

47
Q

What are endocrine-disrupting chem?

A

chem. that interferes in some way w/ the body’s endocrine system

48
Q

What are pharmaceuticals + personal care products?

A

synthetic chem. found in everyday consumer health care products & cosmetics; harm human and aquatic life and contribut to resistance to antibiotics

49
Q

What is a waterborne disease outbreaks?

A

a disease in which at least 2 ppl. experience a similar illness after the ingestion of drinking water/after exposure to water used for recreational purposes & epidemiological evidence implicates water as the probable source of illness

50
Q

What is quality deterioration of water attributed to?

A

pop. growth, agriculture/manufacturing activities, land use practices, mismanagement of hazardous materials, deteriorating treatment & distribution infrastructure

51
Q

How can we ensure quality of water?

A

treat surface water, fluoridation, use of septic tanks in unsewered areas,

52
Q

How are waters treated?

A

by removing solid (via coagulation, flocculation, & filtration), then disinfection (chlorine/sodium hypochlorite/ozone/other disinfectant added to kill viruses, bacteria, algae, + function), then fluoride added after

53
Q

What is the clean water act?

A

the fed. law aimed @ ensuring that all rivers are swimmable & fishable, & that limits the discharge of pollutants in U.S waters to zero

54
Q

What is the goal of the clean water act?

A

restore & maintain chem., phys., & bio integrity of waters in u.s so that they can support the protection & propagation of fish, shellfish, & wildlife & recreation in & on the water

55
Q

What classifies as a foodborne disease outbreak?

A

the occurrence of 2+ cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of food

56
Q

What are the leading factors of a foodborne disease outbreak?

A

inadequate cooking temps/inproper holding temps, unsanitary conditions/practices, & drinking raw milk

57
Q

What are some universal signs and symptoms of food borne disease?

A

nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea

58
Q

How does a foodborne illness start at a farm?

A

use of pesticides, accidental contact of manure, temp stored in truck all contribute

59
Q

FDA regulations for farm to table- transport

A

must be clean vehicle w/ proper holding temp

60
Q

FDA regulations for farm to table- retail

A

grocery & restaurant, must follow fda codes & pass health inspection, & train staff on sanitation

61
Q

FDA regulations for farm to table- table

A

sound & safe preparation of food, recognize signs of foodborne illness

62
Q

Which age groups are susceptible to foodborne illnesses?

A
  • HIV or autoimmune diseases
  • The very young and the very old
  • Pregnant women
  • Alcoholics
  • Antacid users
  • People taking antibiotics
63
Q

What is a pest?

A

any org.—multi-celled animal/plant/microbe—that has an adverse effect on human interests

64
Q

What is a pesticide?

A

synthetic chem. developed & manufactured for the purpose of killing pest

65
Q

Who is most at risk for gettig an illness from pesticides?

A

young children & those who work w/ pesticides

66
Q

What is the fight bacteria procedures?

A

clean, separate, cook, chill

67
Q

Where can you get listeria from?

A

Unpasteurized milk, fresh/soft cheeses, lunch meat and hot dogs

68
Q

What are the symptoms of listeria?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle ache, stiff neck, headache, fever (pregnant women very susceptible)

69
Q

Where can you get salmonella from?

A

raw eggs, raw poultry, diary, meat, homemade mayonnaise

70
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea 4-7 days

71
Q

How do you prevent from getting salmonella?

A

cook/clean thoroughly (juices from poultry should not be clear),

72
Q

Where can you get e. coli from?

A

undercooked ground beef,
produce, contaminated water.

73
Q

What are some symptoms of e.coli?

A

Bloody diarrhea, cramps, vomiting.

74
Q

What could you do in prevention of e.coli?

A

Cook and clean food thoroughly. Use
treated, bottled or boiled water.

75
Q

How can you get Norovirus?

A

person-to-person; raw foods,
salads and sandwiches.- Improper food handling

76
Q

Where can you get Botulism from?

A

in nonacidic can foods (corn,
peppers, soups, beets, asparagus).

77
Q

What symptoms can you get from botulism?

A

double vision, inability to swallow, speech
difficulty, PARALYSIS.

78
Q

What can you did in prevention of botulism?

A

Use proper canning
methods. Do not purchase leaky, bent,
bulging or broken cans.

79
Q

What is solid waste?

A

solid refuse from households, agriculture, & businesses

80
Q

What is municipal solid waste?

A

waste generated by individual households, businesses, & institutions located w/ municipalities

81
Q

What is hazardous watse?

A

solid waste/combination of solid wastes that’s dangerous to human health/environment. (ignitable/corrosive/reactive/toxic/if it’s designated by epa)

82
Q

What are examples of hazardous waste?

A

by-product manufacturing+industrial processes (solvents+cleaning fluids), by-products petroleum refining operations+pesticide manufacturing, batteries, mercury containing instruments, & fluorescent light bulbs

83
Q

What is solid waste management?

A

the collection, transportation, & disposal of solid waste

84
Q

what is source reduction?

A

a waste management approach involving the reduction/elimination of use of materials that produce an accumulation of solid

85
Q

How can you practice source reduction?

A

By buying what you need and using reusbale grocery bags

86
Q

What is recycling? Examples?

A

collecting, sorting, & processing materials that would otherwise be considered waste into raw materials for manufacturing new products, & the subsequent use of those new products
paper, plastics, glass, & metals

87
Q

What is composting?

A

natural, aerobic, biodegradation of organic plant & animal matter to compost
It conserves land space

88
Q

What are sanitary landfills?

A

waste disposal site on land suited for this purpose & on which waste is spread in thin layers, compacted, & cover w/ a fresh layer of clay/plastic foam each day
will leak and generate methane

89
Q

what is combustion

A

burning of solid wastes ; high costs

90
Q

What is lead?

A

naturally occurring mineral element found throughout the envir. & used in large quantities for industrial products, including batteries, pipes, solder, paints, & pigment

91
Q

How can lead negatively affect someone?

A

anemia, birth defects, bone damage, depression of neuro+psycho functions, kidney damage, learning disabilities, miscarriages, & sterility

92
Q

What is a vector?

A

living org., usually an insect/other arthropod that can transmit a communicable disease agent to a susceptible host

93
Q

What are examples of vectors?

A

mosquitoes, lice, ticks, fleas, etc.

94
Q

What is a vector borne disease outbreak?

A

an occurrence of an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease caused by an agent transmitted by insects/other arthropods

95
Q

What is an example of a vectorborne disease outbreak?

A

Lyme disease (problem in usa bc of deer & deer tick)

96
Q

Most important step to reduce trash

A

reduction

97
Q

Most important step to reduce trash

A

reduction

98
Q

Mobile sources

A

motor vehicles

99
Q

Stationary sources

A

powerplants and factories

100
Q

Fight BAC steps

A

Cook, chill, clean separate

101
Q

Cook

A

cook food all the way through to kill harmful pathogens

102
Q

Chill

A

store food at the proper holding temperature (less than 40 degrees F) to prevent rot and growth of harmful pathogens

103
Q

Clean

A

: wash hands and foods like raw produce

104
Q

Separate

A

: keep different foods away from each other to prevent spread of bacteria (example: don’t cut fruit on the same cutting board you used for raw meat)

105
Q

domestic water use

A

water for drinking, cooking, washing disease and laundry, bathing, flushing toilets, watering lawns and gardens.
80-100 gallons a day
Municipal water treatment plants