Final Flashcards
1
Q
At what time during embryonic development is there differentiation between male and female
A
9-12 weeks
2
Q
When is the genetic sex of an embryo determined
A
fertilization/conception
3
Q
When does the sonographer call the sex of a fetus
A
16 weeks male and 20 weeks female
4
Q
_______ secrete estrogen and progesterone early in pregnancy, ______ secretes estrogen and progesterone later in pregnancy
A
corpus luteum, placenta
5
Q
The aorta leaves the heart, loops posteriorly, and descends anterior to the spine, forming the _______ sign
A
candy cane
6
Q
The major structures evaluated in the superior cut of the fetal cranium are the
A
midline falx, choroid plexus, lateral ventricle
7
Q
The major structures evaluated in the inferior cut of the fetal cranium are the
A
circle of willis, cistern magna, cerebellum, cerebral peduncles
8
Q
The major structures evaluated in the mid cut of the fetal cranium are the
A
thalamus, CSP, 3rd ventricle, midline falx
9
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: falx cerebri
A
echogenic
10
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: thalami
A
cystic/hypoechoic
11
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: choroid plexus
A
echogenic
12
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: lateral ventricles
A
cystic
13
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: cerebellum
A
hyperechoic
14
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: circle of willis
A
echogenic
15
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: CSP
A
echogenic with cystic border
16
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: cranial bones
A
echogenic
17
Q
Label the following structures as echogenic, hypoechoic, cystic: lens of the eyes
A
echogenic
18
Q
What is the normal measurement for the lateral ventricles
A
<10mm
19
Q
What is the normal measurement for the cerebellum
A
follow GA up to 28 weeks
20
Q
What is the normal measurement of the cistern magna
A
3-11 mm
21
Q
What is the normal measurement of the nuchal fold and when to measure it
A
<6mm, 16-20 weeks
22
Q
The ______ of the eye is seen as a small echogenic circle within the orbit
A
lens
23
Q
The rooftop is seen in what plane of the spine
A
transverse
24
Q
Why is it important to image the fetal diaphragm? What structures should be superior to the diaphragm? What structures should be inferior to the diaphragm
A
r/o diaphragmatic hernia, lungs and heart, stomach, liver, bowel and spleen
25
The foramen ovale should open into the
left atrium of the fetal heart
26
The ______ is a special connection for fetal circulation between the umbilical vein and the IVC
ductus venosus
27
The decreased abdominal circumference associated with IUGR is due to decreased size of the
liver
28
As the fetus matures, more and more _____ can be seen in the large bowel
meconium
29
What is meconium
fecal matter
30
If there is fluid in the renal pelvis that measures more than _____, it is considered hydronephrosis
10mm
31
What is the normal range for amniotic fluid volume
5-22cm
32
What is the most common type of ASD
patent foramen ovale
33
What grade of placenta is associated with placenta insufficiency and may be associated with IUGR if seen before 34 weeks
grade 3
34
A placenta that has calcifications along the maternal border and small hypoechoic areas within the placenta itself is a grade
2
35
A placenta that has calcifications along the maternal border and within the placenta itself, and has a "cumulous cloud" appearance is grade
3
36
A placenta that has small hypoechoic areas within it is grade
1
37
A placenta that is completely homogenous is grade
0
38
Cardiac activity should be seen when the CRL is greater than _____ and when the GSD is greater than _____
7mm, 16mm
39
The _______ is a ratio used to determine normalcy of head shape
CI
40
________ is a group of characteristics including spina bifida, hydrocephalus, banana sign, lemon sign, and obliteration of the cistern magna
arnold chiari II malformation
41
The _______ view is the best image plane to visualize cleft lip/palate
modified coronal
42
Frontonasal dysplasia is a median cleft face syndrome with midline defects involving the
eyes, nose and forehead
43
What structures should the sonographer evaluate when imaging the nose/lips
nostril symmetry, nasal septum integrity, continuity of upper lip
44
A ________ indicates bilateral cleft palate even when only unilateral is visualized sonographically
echogenic mass near nose
45
Fetal goiter suggest the mother is
hypothyroid
46
Cystic hygroma is associated with
turner's syndrome
47
Fetuses with cystic hygroma often die from
heart failure
48
The developing heart is first located in the sacral region
False, cranial region
49
The early closures of the sagittal sutures will cause pfieffer syndrome
true
50
Amniotic fluid must be inhaled in order for the fetal lungs to develop
true
51
The fetal abdomen is slightly smaller than the fetal thorax
false
52
Small chest size is frequently associated with
diaphragmatic hernia
53
What is the normal ratio of the thoracic circumference to abdominal circumference
0.94
54
What sonographic appearance of the lungs should become more _____ as the fetus ages
echogenic
55
Pulmonary hypoplasia is a reduction in lung volume that usually is a complication of
oligohydramnios
56
What are the sonographic indications of a diaphragmatic hernia
visualization of stomach above diaphragm, spleen above diaphragm, displacement of the fetal heart is to the right
57
What side does a diaphragmatic hernia usually occur
left
58
What is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
59
What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy
ampula
60
HCG can be detected as early as
7 days, end of 2 weeks
61
Describe spina bifida occulta
closed defect, skin covering, tuft of hair, birth mark
62
Define spina bifida cystica
membrane bulges through defect, cystic/complex
63
Define rachlschsis
open defect, spine exposed, lethal
64
A mass that occurs due to abnormal lymph drainage is
cystic hygroma
65
Removal of amniotic fluid from the uterus with a needle is
amniocentesis
66
Anterior abdominal wall defect with herniation of bowel and possibly abdominal organs into base of umbilical cord is known as
omphalocele
67
Term describing extra fingers is
polydactyly
68
What is the clinical absence of cerebral hemispheres due to occlusion of the ICAs
hydrancephaly
69
Enlargement of the fetal head is known as
macrocephaly
70
_______ is when brain tissue and meninges are protruding through a defect in the skull
encephalocele
71
Anencephaly is a neural tube defect
true
72
Where do encephaloceles typically occur
back of skull/occipital area
73
What does the cerebellum coordinate
motor skills, posture, movement
74
_______ are strips of amniotic membrane that become detached from the chorion/uterus due to uterine scars and fetal movement
amniotic bands
75
Early in pregnancy, what secretes HCG
trophoblast/chorion
76
What abnormalities would you suspect with lower than expected serum HCG
incorrect dates, embryonic demise, missed abortion, ectopic pregnancy`
77
The yolk sac is located between the chorion and the amnion
true
78
What does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst develop into
embryonic disk, amnion, yolk sac
79
Failure of fusion of the mullerian ducts can lead to a t-shaped uterus
false
80
The yolk sac visualized sonographically is known as the
secondary yolk sac
81
Painless vaginal bleeding is a hallmark sign for
placenta previa
82
Posterior urethral valve obstruction will have kind of sonographic appearance
dilated bladder with keyhole
83
Measurement of the yolk sac is done
inner to inner (6mm)
84
Large for dates is indicative of IUGR
false
85
The right lung occupies _____ of the chest, the heart occupies _____ of the chest, and the left lung occupies _____ of the chest
1/3 (all)
86
Neural tube defect where cranium, cerebrum, and cerebellar hemispheres are absent is
anencephaly
87
Which sonographic measurement is least accurate for determining gestation age
AC
88
What is the anechoic structure visualized between 8-11 weeks in the posterior portion of the embryonic cranium
rhombencephalon
89
What is the term for a fetus with a hydatiform mole
partial molar pregnancy
90
Label what trisomys go with: thickened nuchal fold
21
91
Label what trisomys go with: rocker bottom foot
13, 18
92
Label what trisomys go with: duodenal atresia
21
93
Label what trisomys go with: holoprosencephaly
13, triploidy
94
Label what trisomys go with: omphalocele
all
95
Label what trisomys go with: micrognathia
13, 18, triploidy
96
Label what trisomys go with: probiscus
13
97
Label what trisomys go with: cyclops
13, triploidy
98
Label what trisomys go with: clenched hands
18
99
Label what trisomys go with: cleft palate
13,18
100
Label what trisomys go with: clinodactaly of 5th finger
21
101
Label what trisomys go with: polydactyly
13
102
Label what trisomys go with: hypotelorism
13
103
Label what trisomys go with: echogenic bowel
21
104
Label what trisomys go with: flattened nasal bridge
21
105
Label what trisomys go with: ventricular septal defect
13, 18, 21, triploidy
106
Label what trisomys go with: cystic hygroma
13, 18, 21
107
Label what trisomys go with: diaphragmatic hernia
18
108
Label what trisomys go with: cryptorchidism
triploidy
109
Label what trisomys go with: club foot
13, 18
110
Label what trisomys go with: syndactly
triploidy
111
Label what trisomys go with: polyhydramnios
18, 21
112
Label what trisomys go with: oligohydramnios
triploidy
113
Label what trisomys go with: meningomyelocele
13, triploidy
114
Label what trisomys go with: cerebellar hypoplasia
18
115
Label what trisomys go with: short femurs
21
116
The tricuspid valve inserts superior to the mitral valve
false, inferior
117
What are the factors associated with placenta abruption
maternal htn, maternal trauma, smoking, alcohol, drug use, short cord, maternal age
118
What structures do the mullerian ducts form
female repoductive tract, oviduct, uterus, cervix, upper vagina, fallopian tube
119
What are common causes of vaginal bleeding in the second trimester
subchorionic hematoma, placenta previa, retroplacental bleed, placental abruption
120
What are the clinical findings for inectible abortions
bleeding more then 7 days, abd cramping, cervical dilation more than 3cm, ruptured membranes, moderate cervical effacement
121
What are the clinical signs of an incomplete abortion
vaginal bleeding, cramping, slowly decreasing HCG, cervical dilation, incomplete passage of products of conception
122
Where to the kidneys originate during embryonic development
lower pelvis
123
______ is essential for fetal lung development
amniotic fluid
124
What are some of the teratogens for a developing fetus
alcoholm, reubella, illicit drugs, diabetes, radiation
125
With a multiple gestational pregnancy it is normal to have decrease MSAFP
false
126
Echogenic foci in the pulmonary vessels and abdomen, presence of a gas shadow within the heart or the greater vessels associated with fetal demise is known as
roberts sign
127
The umbilical vein is sampled during _____ procedure with real time ultrasound guidance
PUBS (percutaneous umbilical blood sampling)
128
What are sonographic findings for holoprosencephaly
single midline ventricle (C-shaped), fused thalamus, hypotelorism, facial prob
129
What does CCAM stand for
congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
130
Oligohydramnios is highly suggestive of CCAM
false
131
Polyhydramnios is associated with symmetrical IUGR
false
132
What is the most common form of cyanotic heart disease
tetralogy of fallot
133
Uterine artery resistance
low (constant perfusion)
