Ch. 64 Test Flashcards
Kidneys should be sonographically documented in all fetuses beginning at _____ weeks’ gestation
18
Protrusion of the posterior wall of the urinary bladder, which contains the trigone of the bladder and the ureteric orifices, is called
exstrophy of the bladder
A condition in which both ovarian and testicular tissues are present is
hermaphroditism
Sonographic findings in complete renal agenesis include
oligohydramnios, absence of urine in the fetal bladder, small thorax
Renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal facies, and malformed hands and feet may be found in
potter syndrome
Which one of the following characteristics of multicystic dysplastic kidney disease is most common
multiple non communicating cysts of variable size
Which site of hydronephrosis in the neonate is the most common
ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
What findings are observed in hydronephrosis
anteroposterior (AP) renal pelvic diameter is greater than 5 to 10mm, rim of renal parenchyma is preserved, calyceal distention is seen with central pelvis communication
A dilated bladder with a “keyhole” appearance is most likely which one of the following conditions
posterior urethral valve obstruction
Sonographic findings in prune belly syndrome include
oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, fetal ascites
The renal system fails to develop in
renal agenesis
The permanent kidneys arise from the
metanephros
The ureteric bud gives rise to
ureter, renal pelvis, calyces
The kidneys initially lie in what positions
very close together in the pelvis
The normal AP diameter of the renal pelvis at 20 weeks gestation should not exceed ______ mm
4
An anechoic cystic structure within the fetal bladder is most likely a
ureterocele
The most likely cause of bilateral hydronephrosis in the fetus is what
bladder outlet syndrome
Normal amniotic fluid volume cannot exclude renal agenesis before ______ weeks gestation
14 to 16
Sonographic findings in posterior urethral valve obstruction includes
hydroureter, oligohydramnios, hydronephrosis
What is incorrect about a fetal ovarian cyst
a fetal ovarian cyst has no diagnostic significance
When the fetal kidneys appear enlarged and echogenic, the sonographer should suspect what condition
infantile polycystic disease
The testes are not visible within the scrotal sac until approximately ______ weeks gestation
28
The genital and urinary systems are derived from
intermediate mesoderm
______ appears in the thoraco-lumbar region of the embryo at the end of the 4-6th week
mesonephros
______ develops in the cervical region of the embryo in the 4th week
pronephros
Which mesoderm forms the urogenital ridge
intermediate
What is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
The renal tubules of the ______ never function at all
pronephros
Which type of polycystic disease results in renal failure in adulthood
autosomal dominant
What week does renal function begin
12
What week do kidneys usually ascend to the lumbar region by
9
What happens if the ureteric bud fails to develop
renal agenesis
What are 4 characteristics of potters syndrome
bilateral renal agenesis, pulmonary hypoplasia, oligohydramnios, facial/limb deformities
Describe the characteristics of ARPK vs MCDK
ARPKD- renal enlargement, multiple cysts causing compression of the renal tissue / MCDK- cyst replace renal parenchyma, can be large up to 6cm, minimal urine function
What 3 kidney systems form in the embryo
pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
Segmented, forms in the cervical region, 4 wks, rudimentary and non functional
pronephros
Unsegmented, forms in thoracic and lumbar regions, 4-6 wks, functions briefly then degenerates when replaced by permanent kidney
mesonephros
Definitive kidney system, forms in pelvic region in 5th week, urine production begins at 12 wks
metanephros
What is the permanent kidney
metanephros
What part of the embryo kidney system functions briefly
mesonephros
What part of the embryo kidney system is non functions
pronephros
The kidneys start in the _______ region and ascend to the ______ region by _____ weeks
pelvic, lumbar, 9
Urogenital ridge forms the
gonads and mesonephros
What are the 4 sonographic findings of renal agenesis
severe oligohydramnios, absent kidney, no bladder visualized after an hour, no renal arteries visualized
What are the characteristics of Potter’s syndrome
bilateral renal agenesis, pulmonary hypoplasia, oligohydramnios, facial/limb deformities
Complete and partial duplication of ureter
duplication defects of ureter
Results from abnormal bladder formation when ureters are repositioning themselves which in turn causes the ureter to enter the urethra or the vagina
ectopic ureters
Duplication of ureter can cause
ureteroceles
herniation of distal ureter into bladder
ureterocele
Most common bladder outlet obstruction
PUV
Renal system fails to develop
renal agenesis
Dilated ureters
hydroureters
Occurs only in male fetuses, is manifested by the presence of a valve in the posterior urethra
posterior urethral valve
Occurs when the kidney is located on the opposite side of the urethral orifice
crossed renal ectopia
A small part of the lumen of the allantois that persists while the urachus forms
urachal cyst
Forms when the inferior poles of the kidney fuse while they are in the pelvis
horseshoe kidney
Occurs when the kidney does not migrate upward into the retroperitoneal space
pelvic kidney
The level of the urethra where the urinary tract may become obstructed
megacystis
Dilated renal pelvis measuring 5 to 9mm in the anteroposterior direction
pyelectasis
Junction where the ureter enters the bladder
ureterovesical junction
Dilated renal pelvis
fetal hydronephrosis
Multiple cysts replace normal renal tissue throughout the kidney, usually causes renal obstruction
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
Dilation of the fetal abdomen secondary to severe bilateral hydronephrosis and fetal ascites, fetus also has oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia
prune belly syndrome
Autosomal recessive disease that affects the fetal kidneys and liver, the kidneys are enlarged and echogenic on ultrasound
infantile polycystic kidney disease
This condition causes a massively distended bladder
urethral atresia
Dilation of the lower end of the ureter, the common presentation of ureterovesical junction obstruction
megaureter
Rounded calyces with renal pelvis dilation measuring greater than 10 mm in the anteroposterior direction
caliectasis
Junction of the ureter entering the renal pelvis, most common site of obstruction
ureteropelvic junction
Characterized by renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal facies, and malformed hands and feet
Potter’s syndrome
Collection of fluid in the vagina and uterus
hydrometrocolpos
May be found in the fetus, results from maternal hormone stimulation and is usually benign
ovarian cyst
Duplication of the uterus
bicornuate uterus
Anomaly of the uterus in which only one horn and tube develop
unicornuate uterus
Abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis
hypospadias
Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum
cryptorchidism
Double uterus and double vagina
uterus didelphys
Condition in which both ovarian and testicular tissues are present
hermaphroditism